Effect of light,acidified processing and storage on carbohydrates and other nutrients in mung bean sprouts

Fresh 4-day-old etiolated mung bean seedlings were analysed for proteins, carbohydrates and lipids, and vitamins A and C. Exposure of the sprouts to artificial light for 24 h increased the content of most constituents, especially provitamin A. Changes in the composition of the seedlings after preservation and storage for 6 months were followed. The sprouts were either canned or bottled, and then kept at various storage temperatures, regardless of storage conditions, hydrolysis of complex carbohydrates took place. There is some evidence that the reducing sugars released during storage underwent a Maillard reaction, leading to browning of the sprouts.     

Multilevel trellis-coded modulations for mobile multimedia satellite systems using synchronous CDMA

In this paper the performance of multilevel trellis-coded modulations (MTCMs) for satellite mobile multimedia systems using synchronous CDMA is investigated. A model for the multiple-access interference arising from the non-orthogonality of the spreading waveforms is developed for different modulation and spreading schemes and transmission over the mobile satellite channel. Using this model, the performance of MTCMs for synchronous CDMA is analysed and compared with the Ungerboeck and Schegel–Costello trellis-coded modulation (TCM) designs. The impact on the transmission of synchronization errors between the different users is presented and the power control requirements are derived. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Enhancement of ELISAs for screening peptides in epitope phage display libraries

The complete analysis of epitope phage display libraries requires sensitive assays capable of detecting peptides expressed on phage that have a wide range of affinities for antibody. We have compared two ELISAs, a 'direct' assay where the phage is captured by an anti-phage antibody and the peptide detected by the antibody used for screening, and a 'reverse' assay where the antibody used for screening is first coated on the well and the binding of phage detected by the anti-phage antibody. We demonstrate, by comparing two fUSE5 derived phage bearing five peptides reacting with the anti-cryptococcal polysaccharide antibody 2H1, that the reverse ELISA is the more sensitive assay. Further, there is a limit in affinity, here around 1 microM, above which phage clones are negative by the direct ELISA. We describe an enhancement of the direct assay by mixing 2H1 with 3-fold excess of anti-heavy or anti-light chain antibody. The resulting polymerization of 2H1 induces an increase in antibody avidity that is responsible for the enhancement. The enhanced direct ELISA allowed rapid and sensitive detection of positive clones and is easily inhibited by free peptide, while the reverse ELISA is not. The enhanced ELISA has also been used successfully for immunological screening of intermediate libraries, allowing detection of rare positive clones that would otherwise be lost. The combination of the three ELISAs, reverse, direct, and enhanced direct, should provide a way to rank phage clones into three classes: very low, low, and high affinity, providing information previously obtained only by the synthesis and testing of many peptides.     

Code-division multiple access for provision of mobile multimediaservices with a geostationary regenerative payload

The design of a satellite mobile multimedia communication system operating at Ka band and using synchronous CDMA is presented. The air interface described in the paper was derived taking into account the requirements induced by the provision of multimedia services to compact portable and mobile terminals. In order to minimize the complexity of the satellite payload, the concept of partial frequency reuse is introduced. A novel algorithm based on evolutionary theory is derived in order to optimize the corresponding link dimensioning. The satellite payload is described, and techniques reducing the computational requirements are proposed. It is then shown that the on-board complexity associated with the given design is within acceptable technological limits     

Performance evaluation of concatenated codes with inner trelliscodes and outer Reed-Solomon code

This article presents a new method for the performance evaluation of concatenated coding schemes with inner convolutional code or trellis-coded modulation and outer Reed-Solomon code     

Mobile IPv6 deployments: Graph-based analysis and practical guidelines

The Mobile IPv6 protocol is a major solution to supply mobility services on the Internet. Many networking vendors have already implemented it in their operating systems and equipments. Moreover, it was recently selected to provide permanent IP addresses to end-users of WiMAX and 3GPP2. Mobile IPv6 relies on a specific router called the home agent that hides location changes of the mobile nodes from the rest of the Internet. To do so, the mobile nodes’ traffic must flow through the home agent. This mandatory deviation produces longer paths and higher communication delays.In order to solve these problems, we describe a new approach to address deployments of Mobile IPv6 based on graph theory and could be applied to any operator’s network. In particular, we use notions of centrality in graphs to quantify increases of communication distances induced by dogleg routing and identify relevant home agents locations. We evaluate this approach using real-world network topologies and show that the obtained Mobile IPv6 performance could be close to direct paths ones. The proposed algorithm is generic and can be used to achieve efficient deployments of Mobile IPv6 as well as Home Agent Migration: a new Mobile IPv6 architecture using several distributed home agents.     

Effect of canning and storage on carotenoids (vitamin A activity) and vitamin C in Spanish and Turkish oranges

Canning caused a small reduction in the vitamin C content of orange purée of both Spanish and Turkish varieties; subsequent storage for 24 months at 10°C caused complete loss of vitamin C. Carotenoids, however, were retained to a limited extent after storage and similar amounts were present at both room temperature and at 10°C. Most of the vitamin C in the flavedo was retained after 24 months' storage at - 20°C but there was a considerable fall when the frozen material was thawed and stored at room temperature for 4 days. Thirteen carotenoids were present in both varieties of purée, with three additional ones in the Spanish variety and one additional one in the Turkish variety. Despite the heating in acid conditions involved in the canning process, only two of the pigments, violaxanthin and flavoxanthin, isomerised from the all-trans to cis-trans isomers.