Energy-efficient routing protocol and optimized passive clustering in WSN for SMART grid applications

Due to low cost, ease of implementation and flexibility of wireless sensor networks (WSNs), WSNs are considered to be an essential technology to support the smart grid (SG) application. The prime concern is to increase the lifetime in order to find the active sensor node and thereby to find once the sensor node (SN) dies in any region. For this reason, an energy-efficient Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol needs to provide the right stability region with a prolonged network lifetime. This work is an effort to extend the network's existence by finding and correcting the considerable energy leveraging behaviors of WSN. We build a comprehensive model based on real measures of SG path loss for different conditions by using the characteristics of WSN nodes and channel characteristics. This method also establishes a hierarchical network structure of balanced clusters and an energy-harvesting SN. The cluster heads (CHs) are chosen by these SN using a low overhead passive clustering strategy. The cluster formation method is focused on the use of passive clustering of the particle swarm optimization (PSO). For the sake of eliminating delayed output in the WSN, energy competent dynamic source routing protocol (EC-DSR) is used. Chicken swarm optimization (CSO) in which optimum cluster path calculation shall be done where distance and residual energy should be regarded as limitation. Finally, the results are carried out with regard to the packet distribution ratio, throughput, overhead management, and average end-to-end delay to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed system.     

A novel multi functional multi parameter concealed cluster based data aggregation scheme for wireless sensor networks (NMFMP-CDA)

Data aggregation is a promising solution for minimizing the communication overhead by merging redundant data thereby prolonging the lifetime of energy starving Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). Deployment of heterogeneous sensors for measuring different kinds of physical parameter requires the aggregator to combine diverse data in a smooth and secure manner. Supporting multi functional data aggregation can reduce the transmission cost wherein the base station can compute multiple statistical operations in one query. In this paper, we propose a novel secure energy efficient scheme for aggregating data of diverse parameters by representing sensed data as number of occurrences of different range value using binary encoded form thereby enabling the base station to compute multiple statistical functions over the obtained aggregate of each single parameter in one query. This also facilitates aggregation at every hop with less communication overhead and allows the network size to grow dynamically which in turn meets the need of large scale WSN. To support the recovery of parameter wise elaborated view from the multi parameter aggregate a novelty is employed in additive aggregation. End to end confidentiality of the data is secured by adopting elliptic curve based homomorphic encryption scheme. In addition, signature is attached with the cipher text to preserve the data integrity and authenticity of the node both at the base station and the aggregator which filters out false data at the earliest there by saving bandwidth. The efficiency of the proposed scheme is analyzed in terms of computation and communication overhead with respect to various schemes for various network sizes. This scheme is also validated against various attacks and proved to be efficient for aggregating more number of parameters. To the best of our understanding, our proposed scheme is the first to meet all of the above stated quality measures with a good performance.

     

A broadband inverted umbrella shaped cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna for “WLAN” and “C” band applications

The main objective of the present article is to improve the bandwidth of a low profile Cylindrical Dielectric Resonator Antenna (CDRA) and operate it for WLAN and “C” band applications. An inverted umbrella shaped CDRA excited by a microstrip feedline with single stub is proposed here. Efficient coupling has been achieved by means of a single stub microstrip feed between DRA and the feed. The new shape of DRA and a single stub microstrip feed improves the bandwidth significantly as high as 28% from 5 to 6.67 GHz which is quite useful for both WLAN and “C” band applications. The proposed antenna is simple in construction, easy to fabricate, low profile and thickness of CDRA is only 5 mm. A parametric study is performed using Ansoft HFSS simulation software to optimize the antenna performance. The proposed CDRA is fabricated and the characteristics of the antenna are measured.