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排序方式: 共有91条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
CMOS scaling into the nanometer regime 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
Yuan Taur Buchanan D.A. Wei Chen Frank D.J. Ismail K.E. Shih-Hsien Lo Sai-Halasz G.A. Viswanathan R.G. Wann H.-J.C. Wind S.J. Hon-Sum Wong 《Proceedings of the IEEE. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers》1997,85(4):486-504
Starting with a brief review on 0.1-μm (100 nm) CMOS status, this paper addresses the key challenges in further scaling of CMOS technology into the nanometer (sub-100 nm) regime in light of fundamental physical effects and practical considerations. Among the issues discussed are: lithography, power supply and threshold voltage, short-channel effect, gate oxide, high-field effects, dopant number fluctuations and interconnect delays. The last part of the paper discusses several alternative or unconventional device structures, including silicon-on-insulator (SOI), SiGe MOSFET's, low-temperature CMOS, and double-gate MOSFET's, which may lead to the outermost limits of silicon scaling 相似文献
2.
Wan Fokkink Rob van Glabbeek Paulien de Wind 《Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science》2006,156(1):97
We present congruence formats for η- and rooted η-bisimulation equivalence. These formats are derived using a method for decomposing modal formulas in process algebra. To decide whether a process algebra term satisfies a modal formula, one can check whether its subterms satisfy formulas that are obtained by decomposing the original formula. The decomposition uses the structural operational semantics that underlies the process algebra. 相似文献
3.
A non-destructive method is presented to study the combining properties of a number of hardened cement pastes for NaCl and CaCl2. Cements hardened with solutions of NaCl and of CaCl2 are equilibrated in solutions of these electrolytes in a special way. To interpret the results, the equilibrium between the pore solution and the hardened cement is taken as a general solid/solution equilibrium. The equilibrium between the pore solution and the equilibrating solution is considered to be a liquid/liquid equilibrium. That means that the equilibrium concentrations in the equilibrating solution and the pore solution are equaL. Thus it is possible to calculate the dependence of the amount of chloride combined by the cement on the total amount added to the cement. 相似文献
4.
J. Rosbach E. Krop M. Vonk J. van Ginkel C. Meliefste S. de Wind U. Gehring B. Brunekreef 《Indoor air》2016,26(4):538-545
Inadequate ventilation of classrooms may lead to increased concentrations of pollutants generated indoors in schools. The FRESH study, on the effects of increased classroom ventilation on indoor air quality, was performed in 18 naturally ventilated classrooms of 17 primary schools in the Netherlands during the heating seasons of 2010–2012. In 12 classrooms, ventilation was increased to targeted CO2 concentrations of 800 or 1200 ppm, using a temporary CO2 controlled mechanical ventilation system. Six classrooms were included as controls. In each classroom, data on endotoxin, β(1,3)‐glucans, and particles with diameters of <10 μm (PM10) and <2.5 μm (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) were collected during three consecutive weeks. Associations between the intervention and these measured indoor air pollution levels were assessed using mixed models, with random classroom effects. The intervention lowered endotoxin and β(1,3)‐glucan levels and PM10 concentrations significantly. PM10 for instance was reduced by 25 μg/m³ (95% confidence interval 13–38 μg/m³) from 54 μg/m³ at maximum ventilation rate. No significant differences were found between the two ventilation settings. Concentrations of PM2.5 and NO2 were not affected by the intervention. Our results provide evidence that increasing classroom ventilation is effective in decreasing the concentrations of some indoor‐generated pollutants. 相似文献
5.
Bernd Propfe Danny Kreyenberg Joerg Wind Stephan Schmid 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2013
There is currently intensive public discussion of fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV) and other electric powertrains, such as battery electric vehicles (BEV), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) and hybridized combustion engine vehicles (HEV). In this context, the German government has set the target of one million electric vehicles on the road by 2020, and six million by 2030 [1]. The goal of this paper is to identify the possible market share of electric vehicles in the German new car fleet in three scenarios in the timeframe from 2010 to 2030. The VECTOR21 vehicle technology scenario model is used to model the fleet in three scenarios. In the reference scenario with business-as-usual parameters, 189,000 electric vehicles will be sold in Germany by 2020. Scenario two with purchase price incentives from 5000 EUR, high oil prices, and low prices for hydrogen and electricity will result in 727,000 vehicles. In the last scenario with substantial OEM mark-up reductions and external conditions as in the business-as-usual scenario, 3.28 million vehicles will be sold. 相似文献
6.
Marie-Louise Wind Beatrice Braun-Cula Fabian Schax Christian Herwig Prof. Christian Limberg 《Israel journal of chemistry》2020,60(10-11):1057-1060
The isolation and identification of intermediates formed in the course of the activation of dioxygen at transition metal centers reveals important mechanistic insights concerning such processes. We previously reported the reaction of the dinuclear CrII complex [L2Cr2(MeCN)2][Li(MeCN)]2 (L=PhSi(OSiPh2O−)3) ( 5 ) with dioxygen, which resulted in the formation of the CrIV oxo complex [L2Cr2O2][Li(THF)2]2 ( 6 ), as the final room temperature stable product. Here we now report the isolation and characterization of an intermediate en route to 6 , namely the dinuclear CrIII superoxo complex [L2Cr2(O2)2][Li(MeCN)]2 ( 7 ). 7 is the first example of a structurally characterized dinuclear CrIII superoxo complex with two independent side-on bound superoxo ligands. Reactivity studies outline the capability of this superoxo complex to activate weak O−H bonds. 相似文献
7.
Vehicles with electric drive trains are currently the subject of intense discussion by society. The cost trends of the individual components in the electric drive train are a central aspect of the future market success of the different vehicle drive systems. 相似文献
8.
In the first 20 years of this century, there are many important strategic opportunities for economic and social developments in China. In accordance with the objectives proposed in the 16 th NCCPC of building a moderately prosperous society in all aspects, many efforts will be made to quadruple Chinese economics by 2020. And then, GDP per capita in China will exceed $ 10,000 through purchasing power parity conversion. According to international 相似文献
9.
Distributed multilevel optimization for complex structures 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
J. W. Wind D. Akçay Perdahcıoğlu A. de Boer 《Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization》2008,36(1):71-81
Optimization problems concerning complex structures with many design variables may entail an unacceptable computational cost.
This problem can be reduced considerably with a multilevel approach: A structure consisting of several components is optimized
as a whole (global) as well as on the component level. In this paper, an optimization method is discussed with applications
in the assessment of the impact of new design considerations in the development of a structure. A strategy based on fully
stressed design is applied for optimization problems in linear statics. A global model is used to calculate the interactions
(e.g., loads) for each of the components. These components are then optimized using the prescribed interactions, followed
by a new global calculation to update the interactions. Mixed discrete and continuous design variables as well as different
design configurations are possible. An application of this strategy is presented in the form of the full optimization of a
vertical tail plane center box of a generic large passenger aircraft. In linear dynamics, the parametrization of the component
interactions is problematic due to the frequency dependence. Hence, a modified method is presented in which the speed of component
mode synthesis is used to avoid this parametrization. This method is applied to a simple test case that originates from noise
control. 相似文献
10.
M. J. P. Biggs M. C. Milone L. C. Santos A. Gondarenko S. J. Wind 《Journal of the Royal Society Interface》2011,8(63):1462-1471
T-cell activation via antigen presentation is associated with the formation of a macromolecular membrane assembly termed the immunological synapse (IS). The genesis of the IS and the onset of juxtacrine signalling is characterized by the formation of cell membrane microclusters and the organization of such into segregated microdomains. A central zone rich in T-cell receptor (TCR)–major histocompatibility complex microclusters termed the central supramolecular activation cluster (cSMAC) forms the bullseye of this structure, while the cellular interface surrounding the cSMAC is characterized by regions enriched in adhesion and co-stimulatory molecules. In vitro, the study of dynamic TCR microcluster coalescence and IS genesis in T-cell populations is hampered by cell migration within the culture system and resolution constraints resulting from lateral cell–cell contact. Here, we detail a novel system describing the fabrication of micropit arrays designed to sequester single T-cell–antigen presenting cell (APC) conjugates and promote IS formation in the horizontal imaging plane for high-resolution studies of microcluster dynamics. We subsequently use this system to describe the formation of the cSMAC in T-cell populations and to investigate the morphology of the interfacial APC membrane. 相似文献