Common region of ALL-1 gene disrupted in epipodophyllotoxin-related secondary acute myeloid leukemia

Translocations at chromosomal band 11q23 characterize most de novo acute lymphoblastic leukemias (ALL) of infants, acute myeloid leukemias (AML) of infants and young children, and secondary AMLs following epipodophyllotoxin exposure. The chromosomal breakpoints at 11q23 have been cloned from isolated cases of de novo ALL and AML. Using an 859-base pair BamHI fragment of human ALL-1 complementary DNA that recognizes the genomic breakpoint region for de novo ALL and AML, we investigated two cases of secondary AML that followed etoposide-treated primary B-lineage ALL. In the first case, the translocation occurred between chromosomes 9 and 11 and the breakpoint at 11q23 localized to the same 9-kilobase region of the ALL-1 gene that is disrupted in most of the de novo leukemias. In the second case the translocation was between chromosomes 11 and 19. The breakpoint occurred outside of the ALL-1 breakpoint cluster region.     

Redefining the role of the criminal defense lawyer at plea bargaining and sentencing: A therapeutic jurisprudence/preventive law model.

Promising new developments concerning offender rehabilitation and various provisions of the Federal Sentencing Guidelines and their judicial construction make it appropriate to reconceptualize the role of the criminal defense lawyer at plea bargaining and sentencing. These new developments provide new opportunities for attorneys to counsel clients about rehabilitative options, to facilitate their rehabilitative efforts, and to seek probation or reduced sentences as a result. The author proposes a new and broader role for counsel on the basis of principles of therapeutic jurisprudence and preventive law. The new approach is described, and the author suggests how counsel can hold conversations with clients about these sensitive issues and play a therapeutic and preventive role in ways that increase client liberty and well-being. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

The side effects of incompetency labeling and the implications for mental health law.

In addition to labeling people as mentally ill, the law often labels them as incompetent to exercise certain rights or to play particular roles. Indeed, under the broad dicta of Zinermon v. Burch, incompetency labeling may increase dramatically. This article uses principles of social and cognitive psychology to examine the effects of incompetency labeling. Such labeling is shown to produce potentially serious adverse effects. It often alters the way others view and react to the labeled individual and affects his or her self-esteem and self-concept in ways that may inhibit performance, diminish motivation, and depress mood. After analyzing those negative side effects of incompetency labeling, the article examines the implications of these findings for mental health law and makes a number of proposals for changing the law to avoid or minimize these adverse effects. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Art work versus photography: An experimental study.

"Four paired advertisements, one using photography and the other using art work, were shown to a matched sample of 962 adults in the New York City area. The Ss ranked each advertisement on the dimensions of most liked, believability, and recall. No sex or socioeconomic differences emerged. Statistically significant differences were found for the photographic version of three advertisements, respectively showing a man, a woman in an office, and a man drinking coffee. Art work was favored in one advertisement, which semihumorously showed a dog in motion. Any decision to use either art work or photography for a communication depends on many factors, including the object to be reproduced, the medium of communication, the effect desired, and the associated text. The results of this study, based on advertisements from one consumer magazine, must be interpreted with caution." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Longitudinal mode competition in chirped grating distributedfeedback lasers

Gain competition often inhibits the simultaneous lasing of multiple longitudinal modes in homogeneously broadened laser systems. A stability analysis is developed to demonstrate that the two lowest order degenerate longitudinal modes in an index-coupled distributed feedback (DFB) laser will lase simultaneously when the index grating is chirped asymmetrically along the axis of the device. This chirped grating structure is shown to decrease the gain competition by reducing the spatial overlap between the degenerate modes. Stable mode beating between the two lowest order lasing modes results, and this beating produces high-frequency output self-pulsations which can be used for millimeter-wave and soliton pulse train generation. An exact closed-form expression for the output intensity of an antisymmetrically chirped index-coupled DFB laser, as a function of the unsaturated gain, is also derived. The expression is valid for arbitrary levels of gain saturation     

Waveguide grating filters for dispersion compensation and pulsecompression

Dispersion compensation and pulse compression are theoretically demonstrated using aperiodic waveguide gratings. The gratings are designed to have both a flat amplitude and a quadratic phase response over the pulse bandwidth. This results in nearly transform-limited compressed pulses. The appropriate waveguide grating parameters are obtained by applying the Gel'fand-Levitan-Marchenko inverse scattering method to the coupled mode equations which describe propagation. The technique is illustrated by designing an aperiodic grating which compresses a 60-ps pulse by a factor of three. Limitations and possible extensions of the general method are discussed     

Very noisy channels, reliability functions, and exponentiallyoptimum codes

A very noisy channel (VNC), is a discrete-input memoryless channel whose capacity is close to zero. Very noisy channels are of interest, since they serve as models for some important physical channels. There are two distinct classes of VNCs: Reiffen's class I (Reiffen, 1963) and Majani's class II (Majani, 1987). It is shown that the reliability function is known exactly for both classes of VNCs, by extending the results previously obtained only for class I. It is then shown that an exponentially optimum code can be constructed for a channel if it can be modeled as repeated uses of a binary-input class I VNC, a binary-input/binary-output class II VNC or a class II very noisy binary erasure channel. The theory developed is illustrated by considering the direct detection optical channel used with polarization modulation. The capacity, reliability function, and exponentially optimum code, for this channel, are derived     

Client denial and resistance in the advance directive context: Reflections on how attorneys can identify and deal with a psycholegal soft spot.

An important reason why advance directive instruments are underused is that people faced with the need to think about the end of life, future mental health problems, or the need for nursing home admission experience psychological stress that produces denial and procrastination. This essay examines how lawyers who are counseling clients about advance directive instruments can deal with such client denial and resistance. It explains the psychological defense mechanism of denial and related forms of resistance and offers suggestions about techniques that lawyers can use for dealing with denial and resistance in counseling clients about advance directives. It suggests ways in which lawyers can develop their interpersonal skills, becoming more empathic and more sensitive to their clients' psychological needs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)