Optimized Identification with Severity Factors of Gastric Cancer for Internet of Medical Things

The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) emerges with the vision of the Wireless Body Sensor Network (WBSN) to improve the health monitoring systems and has an enormous impact on the healthcare system for recognizing the levels of risk/severity factors (premature diagnosis, treatment, and supervision of chronic disease i.e., cancer) via wearable/electronic health sensor i.e., wireless endoscopic capsule. However, AI-assisted endoscopy plays a very significant role in the detection of gastric cancer. Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) has been widely used to diagnose gastric cancer based on various feature extraction models, consequently, limiting the identification and categorization performance in terms of cancerous stages and grades associated with each type of gastric cancer. This paper proposed an optimized AI-based approach to diagnose and assess the risk factor of gastric cancer based on its type, stage, and grade in the endoscopic images for smart healthcare applications. The proposed method is categorized into five phases such as image pre-processing, Four-Dimensional (4D) image conversion, image segmentation, K-Nearest Neighbour (K-NN) classification, and multi-grading and staging of image intensities. Moreover, the performance of the proposed method has experimented on two different datasets consisting of color and black and white endoscopic images. The simulation results verified that the proposed approach is capable of perceiving gastric cancer with 88.09% sensitivity, 95.77% specificity, and 96.55% overall accuracy respectively.     

New Type Anode for Calcium Ion Batteries Based on Silicon Carbide Monolayer

Silicon - A theoretical research study was conducted into the possibility of using a two-dimensional graphene-like material silicon carbide nano-sheet (2D-SiCNS) as an anode in rechargeable Ca-ion...     

Security & Privacy in Software Defined Networks,Issues, Challenges and Cost of Developed Solutions: A Systematic Literature Review

International Journal of Wireless Information Networks - Due to fast development in digital systems, the traditional network architecture is becoming inadequate for the requirements of new...     

Application of factorial design in optimization of anion exchange resin based methylation of vegetable oil and fats

A simple, rapid and fairly selective method for the preparation of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) based on anion exchange resin Amberlite IRA-904 catalyzed transesterification of vegetable oil/fat with iodomethane has been described. The vegetable oil and animal fats used were sunflower oil, palm oil, vanaspati (hydrogenated vegetable oil), olive oil, tallow and butter. A Plackett–Burman factorial experimental design was used as a multivariate strategy for the evaluation of the effects of varying several variables at once. The effects of five different variables amount of resin, strength of sodium hydroxide, volume of iodomethane, heating time and temperature of thermostatic water bath, on the yield of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) have been investigated. From these studies, certain variable showed up as significant, and they were optimized by a using 2³ + star central composite design, which involved 16 experiments. The best conditions for transesterification reaction were as follows: amount of resin 2 g, strength of sodium hydroxide 0.25 N, volume of iodomethane 400 µl, heating time 2 min at 70 °C. A standard IUPAC method was used to prepare FAMEs from vegetable oil/fats for comparative purpose. Finally samples of oil/fat obtained from both methods were analysed by Gas liquid chromatography. Analytical results for the FAMEs by resin based proposed method, and conventional IUPAC method showed a good agreement, thus indicating the possibility of using Amberlite IRA-904 based transesterification instead of intensive treatments inherent with the conventional time-consuming methods.

Industrial relevance

Fatty acids are the main components of edible oil and fats, therefore determination of fatty acid composition is so far one of the important parameters for quality evaluation and nutritional value determination of edible oil and fats. The analysis of fatty acid is usually carried out by Gas liquid chromatography (GLC) after conversion of volatile fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) although other ester may be prepared for specific purpose.The endeavor of present work was to improve the FAMEs preparation method, proposing the development of anion exchange resin Amberlite IRA-904 based transesterification of edible oil/fat with iodomethane as alkylating reagent. The present method besides being rapid and reproducible avoids the use of classical saponification, washing of esters and solvent extraction step.     

Electrochemical performance of spherical LiCoO2 with high stability in neutral aqueous electrolyte

Layer-structured lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) is one of promising electrode materials for secondary aqueous lithium-ion batteries, yet the effect of structural proton insertion in LCO in neutral aqueous electrolytes cannot be ignored. Present study investigates the electrochemical performance of polycrystalline spherical LCO in neutral aqueous saturated Li₂SO₄ solution. Herein, we for the first time demonstrate the dependence of LCO stability on the discharge cutoff potential. The applied LCO electrodes show good cycling stability within the potential window of 0.65–1.1 V vs. SCE, while electrochemical impedance spectrum (EIS) analysis detects no sign of proton intercalation. Moreover, the spherical LCO free from the proton intercalation exhibits a superior rate capability with 78% discharge capacity retention at 80 C. The lithium-ion chemical diffusion coefficient being seven times than that of irregular shaped LCO sample can be responsible for such significant rate capability. The cyclability testing depicts the better performance of spherical LCO in comparison with the counterpart, especially in terms of electrode activation time. Post cycling electrode characterization displays that the discharge capacity fading of LCO mainly results from the crystal grain deformation due to high potential cycling and can be alleviated by reducing the depth of charge.     

Effect of microstructure change on resistance of spherical LiCoO2 to electrode degradation for proton intercalation

Lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) with layered crystal structure suffers the structural proton intercalation in aqueous electrolytes of low pH values, little information is available about the effect of microstructure change on the cycling stability of LCO in response to the proton intercalation. In this work, electrochemical properties of three kinds of LCO spheres with different microstructures are studied in neutral aqueous 0.5 M Li₂SO₄ solution. The investigated materials were obtained by calcining the spherical LCO precursors at various temperatures, which were synthesized via a modified solid phase method for lithiation of spherical Co₃O₄. Structure and morphology of materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). The spherical LCO prepared at lower temperature shows more superior electrochemical stability. Herein, the resistance of spherical LCO with a particular microstructure to the electrode degradation for the proton intercalation can be measured by the frequency of occurrences of greater-than-100% coulombic efficiencies during cycling. Meanwhile, the capability of retaining the capacity contribution from the order-to-disorder transformation of lithium ions on the hexagonal lattice of host site after the first-order phase transition was proposed to compare and investigate the cyclability of the three kinds of spherical LCO with different microstructures.     

Tuning semiconductor LaFe0.65Ti0.35O3-δ to fast ionic transport for advanced ceramics fuel cells

Heterostructure and their associated properties like band energy, band bending, and interface play a vital role in the conduction of charge carriers. Enhancement of ionic conductivity has been observed by the semiconductor SrTiO₃ and ionic conductor heterostructure formation, such insightful effect may be beneficial for electrolyte application in solid oxide fuel cells. Herein we report the formation of semiconductor and ionic materials heterostructure of LaFe_0.65Ti_0.35O_3-δ (LFT) and Sm and Ca co-doped cerium oxide Ce_0.8Sm_0.05Ca_0.15O_2-δ (SCDC) with three folds enhancement in the ionic conductivity. When LFT-SCDC heterostructure was applied in the fuel cell, LFT-SCDC work as a good electrolyte and achieve a maximum power output density of 0.98 W/cm². LFT-SCDC maintains the ionic and electronic conduction, the presence of electrons, their blockage and the fast promotion of ion transport play a key role in physical interpretation in realizing outstanding performance and understanding the mechanism of semiconductor electrolyte ceramics fuel cells. The constructed heterostructure between two different constituent phases of LFT and SCDC has established strong band bending at heterointerface, leading to the fast ionic transport in the interface. The combination of UV–visible spectroscopy and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) determine the band structure of both constituents, where the creation of oxygen vacancies are supported by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It is revealed by the various investigation of electrical properties of LFT-SCDC heterostructure that it has both electronic and ionic behavior, where the built-in electric field formed by band energy alignment helps to enhance the transport of ions.     

Cluster-based location service schemes in VANETs: current state,challenges and future directions

Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) have drawn incredible interest in both academic and industrial sectors due to their potential applications and services. Vehicles’ position plays a significant role in many location-based applications and services such as public emergency, vehicles tracking, resource discovery, traffic monitoring and position-based routing. A location service is used to keep up-to-date records of current positions of vehicles. However, locating vehicles’ positions and maintaining an accurate view of the entire network are quite challenging tasks due to the high number of nodes, and high and fast nodes mobility which results in rapid topological changes and sudden network disconnections. In the past literature, various location-based services have been proposed to solve the above mentioned issues. Moreover, the cluster-based location service schemes have gained a growing interest due to their advantages over non-cluster-based schemes. The cluster-based schemes improve the network scalability, reduce the communications overhead and resolve the mobility issues within the clusters preventing them from propagating in the whole network. Therefore, this paper presents the taxonomy of the existing location service schemes, inspects the cluster-based location service by highlighting their strengths and limitations, and provides a comparison between location-based clustering and application specific clustering such as the one used in routing, information dissemination, channel access management and security. In addition, the existing clustering schemes, challenges and future directions for efficient cluster-based location service are also discussed.