Localized corrosion of (lean) duplex stainless steels in immersion units of urban wastewater treatment plants

With lower alloying cost and higher mechanical properties, lean duplex stainless steels can be an alternative to the more commonly used austenitic stainless steels. However, these alloys are still not the preferred choice, probably due to a lack of field experience. A study was thus initiated in view of defining the limits of use of selected (lean) duplexes for urban wastewater treatment units. The present paper shows the localized corrosion performance of selected lean duplexes in chloride contaminated solutions. The results are compared with austenitic S30403 and S31603 and with the more standard duplexes S82441 and S32205. The effect of welding was also investigated. Exposures in field municipal wastewater plants were conducted for 1 year in low and high chloride content units. The results show that lean duplexes S32101 and S32202 can be used as alternatives to S30403 and S31603 in low chloride electrolytes. At 500 ppm of chloride content, duplex stainless steel S32304 showed better corrosion resistance than S30403 and S31603. For higher chloride contents (1000 ppm and above) the standard duplexes S82441 and S32205 shall be preferred.     

Potential influence of microorganisms on the corrosion of carbon steel in the French high- and intermediate-level long-lived radioactive waste disposal context

In the context of the high-level radioactive waste disposal CIGEO, the corrosion rate due to microbially influenced corrosion (MIC) has to be evaluated. In France, it is envisaged to dispose of high- and intermediate-level long-lived radioactive waste at a depth of 500 m in a deep geological disposal, drilled in the Callovo-Oxfordian claystone (Cox) formation. To do so, a carbon steel casing will be inserted inside disposal cells, which are horizontal tunnels drilled in the Cox. A specific cement grout will be injected between the carbon steel casing and the claystone. A study was conducted to evaluate the possibility of MIC on carbon steel in the foreseeable high radioactive waste disposal. The corrosiveness of various environments was investigated at 50°C and 80°C with or without microorganisms enriched from samples of Andra's underground research laboratory. The monitoring of corrosion during the experiments was ensured using gravimetric method and real-time corrosion monitoring using sensors based on the measurements of the electrical resistance. The corrosion data were completed with microbiological analyses including cultural and molecular characterizations.     

Corrosion of hot-dip-galvanised steel and zinc alloy-coated steel in ammonia and ammonium chloride

There are many potential causes of corrosion in animal buildings. Animals exhale large quantities of moisture into the air creating high relative humidity in the building if the moisture is not properly vented. High humidity increases the potential for condensation. In addition, ammonia may be found in large quantities in animal buildings. Ammonia is released from manure and urine. In addition, ammonium chloride is used as a nitrogen source in fertilisers. In this study, the atmospheric corrosion of hot-dip-galvanised steel and zinc alloy-coated steel such as zinc–aluminium and zinc–aluminium–magnesium has been studied in atmospheres containing different levels of ammonia. Investigations have also been conducted at different levels of ammonium chloride. The results are discussed in view of the mechanisms of corrosion of zinc and zinc alloy-coated steel in ammonia and ammonium chloride-containing environments.     

Cyanogenic,carotenoids and protein composition in leaves and roots across seven diverse population found in the world cassava germplasm collection at CIAT,Colombia

The objective of this study was to characterise the nutritional potential of leaves and identify a diversity centre with low cyanide and high nutrient content among 178 Latin American cassava genotypes. This field-based collection represents the seven diversity centres, held at The International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT Palmira, Colombia) by the Cassava Program. The cyanide, all-trans-β-carotene and lutein concentrations in cassava leaves ranged from 346 to 7484 ppm dry basis (db), from 174–547 μg g⁻¹ db and 15–181 μg g⁻¹ db, respectively. Cassava leaves also showed significant levels of essential amino acids leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, valine and threonine, and average total protein content of 26.24 g 100 g⁻¹ db. Among seven diversity centres, South American rainforest group showed low cyanide and high carotene content in leaves. In addition, VEN77 and PAN51 genotypes stood out for having low cyanide in leaves and roots and high carotene in leaves. This genetic diversity can be used to select high potential progenitors for breeding purposes.     

大坝安全监控指标的制定

本文论述了大坝安全监控指标的含义、制定安全监控指标的意义、制定安全监控指标的基本原则、制定大坝施工阶段和首次蓄水阶段以及运行阶段安全监控指标的方法。     

大坝监测自动化中的人工比测研究

阐述了人工比测的概念、方式和数据分析方法,对人工比测及数据分析中应注意的问题也进行了深入研究。     

创建互联网业务价值链

为促进互联网的良性发展,要使设备制造商、电信运营商、虚拟运营商/集团用户、内容提供商和最终用户构成一条互联网业务价值链,价值链的创建对互联网接入设备提出了更高的要求,华为公司的Quid-wayTMA8010Expert多业务综合接入平台可构建宽带城域网分组语音解决方案、可平滑演进为下一代网络中的媒体网关、提供窄带价值链、提供唯一号码业务以及实现多业务综合接入。     

日本清酒入门(五)

简要介绍日本清酒的生产方法，包括酒的知识、精米、蒸米、制曲、酵母、分析、勾兑等。     

用JHS-3胶合砂防粉细砂

针对孤东油田大量油井出现粉细砂甚至粘土砂而严重影响生产的问题,研制了用JHS-3胶合砂防粉细砂方法。介绍了胶合砂的基本配方、主要技术指标及防砂机理。适应性分析结果表明,施工井的层数、处理半径和施工压力升幅3个因素直接影响着胶合砂的防砂堵水效果。现场20井次的应用情况可看出,胶合砂能有效地防住粉细砂和粘土砂,明显地改善产液剖面,并有显著的降水增油效果。     

超细水泥封堵技术

注水开发后期日益出现的地质问题及油套管的严重损坏,制约了油田的开发效果。针对河南油田注水开发中存在的上述问题,通过对超细水泥堵剂配方、堵剂性能、适应性等方面的研究,可实现对油井的高含水层、注水井的停注无用层、油水井套管外窜槽、穿孔、丝扣处的漏失等方面的封堵,取得了显著效果。自1998年8月-2001年12月在河南油田应用61井次,有效率85.3%,其中油井36井次,年度累计增油1.441×104t,降水7.6123×104m3;水井封堵25井次,累计增注14.32×104m3,控制无效注水16.95×104m3,创效益1800多万元,投入产出比达1:11.36,具有广泛的推广应用价值。