加脂的化学柔软作用机理

加脂是软革制造过程中最重要的工序。本文建立了一个加脂过程和加脂机理的模型。在该模型中，传统的完全依赖ＰＨ值的观察被扩展，结合了加脂剂与浴液间的相互作用的性能和传送提供润滑作用的中性油组分的乳化剂的作用，并扩展了乳化剂的角色。以这种方式引入的化学柔软作用对革的强度有积极的效果，而相比效应力柔软作用会降低革的强度。     

COMPATIBILITY OF SYSTEMS OF FUZZY RELATION EQUATIONS

In this paper, a fuzzy relation equation system with the generalized conjunction and implication operations is considered. Necessary and sufficient conditions of solvability of this system are proved. The case where these conditions are not fulfilled is considered and the solvability degree of the approximate solution is estimated. The interpolation property of the solution independently on whether it is precise or approximate is established.     

Quantification of structural changes in acute inflammation by fractal dimension,angular second moment and correlation

The aim of the study was to examine alteration and possible application of fractal dimension, angular second moment, and correlation for quantification of structural changes in acutely inflamed tissue. Acute inflammation was induced by injection of turpentine oil into the right and left hind limb muscles of mice, whereas control animals received intramuscular saline injection. After 12 h, animals were anesthetised and treated muscles collected. The tissue was stained by hematoxylin and eosin, digital micrographs produced, enabling determination of fractal dimension of the cells, angular second moment and correlation of studied tissue. Histopathological analysis showed presence of inflammatory infiltrate and tissue damage in inflammatory group, whereas tissue structure in control group was preserved, devoid of inflammatory infiltrate. Fractal dimension of the cells, angular second moment and correlation of treated tissue in inflammatory group decreased in comparison to the control group. In this study, we were first to observe and report that fractal dimension of the cells, angular second moment, and correlation were reduced in acutely inflamed tissue, indicating loss of overall complexity of the cells in the tissue, the tissue uniformity and structure regularity. Fractal dimension, angular second moment and correlation could be useful methods for quantification of structural changes in acute inflammation.     

Lyapunov design for convergence rate improvement in adaptive control

This note deals with the improvement of the convergence rate and robust properties in an adaptive error model. A new adaptive control algorithm is presented which includes both the estimate of the prediction error to drive the parameter adaptation and the proportional-integral or integral-relay adjustment law. To prevent unbounded growth of feedback gains, a least-squares gain update is used. The adaptive controller is constructed using measurements of state variables only. The design is based on the Lyapunov function method and a new general form of the Lyapunov function was found. As a result, exponential convergence of the Lyapunov function in the presence of persistent excitation, is obtained.     

SEM investigation of minor constituents of carbide materials prepared from shungite rocks

The “SiC-Al₂OC”-based composite prepared from Karelian shungite rocks has been studied by X-ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopy. SEM investigation has been done to determine the mode and distribution of admixture constituents. It is found that the most common minor phase represents Al–Fe–Si–C-based alloys. Special attention has been given to describing the noble metals admixtures. It is revealed that the noble metals phases occur as separate microsized grains, most of which have been indicated as Au–Ag–Hg amalgam and rarely as Pt-rich compounds. The obtained data can be mainly used to advance technologies for manufacturing carbide-based composite materials from natural carbonaceous rocks.     

Compositional mapping of bitumen using local electrostatic force interactions in atomic force microscopy

In recent years, many researchers have investigated bitumen surface morphology, especially the so‐called bee‐like structures, in an attempt to relate the chemical composition and molecular conformation to bitumen micromechanics and ultimately performance properties. Even though recent studies related surface morphology and its evolution to stiffness and stress localization, the complex chemical nature of bitumen and its time‐ and temperature‐dependent properties still engender significant questions about the nature and origin of the observed morphological features and how they evolve due to exposure to various environmental and loading conditions. One such question is whether the observed surface features are formed from wax or from the coprecipitation of wax and asphaltene. Our prior work was mainly theoretical; it used density functional theory and showed that the coprecipitation theory may not stand, mainly because wax–asphaltene interactions are not thermodynamically favourable compared to wax–wax interactions. This paper presents a comprehensive approach based on experiments to study surface morphology of bitumen and conduct compositional mapping to shed light on the origin of the bee‐like surface morphological features. We used Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), with the main focus being on single‐pass detection and mapping of local electric properties, as a novel approach to enhance existing compositional mapping techniques. This method was found to be highly effective in differentiating various domains with respect to their polarity. The results of our study favour the hypothesis that the bee‐like features are mainly composed of wax, including a variety of alkanes.