Effect of substituting pork backfat with rind on quality characteristics of pork sausage

A study was conducted in which pork backfat in pork sausage was replaced with rind at 0, 33, 66 and 100% levels. The high moisture and high protein content of rind consequently influenced the moisture and protein content of the final products. The fat level decreased with increase in the level of rind in the sausage. The lowest fat content of 7.99% was recorded on batch 4 sausage with 100% rind replacement level. Replacement of pork backfat with rind decreased refrigeration and cooking weight losses. The values obtained for sensory properties decreased with increase in the level of rind in the sausage. Up to 66% pork backfat can be replaced with rind in pork sausage without adverse effect on processing yield.     

Simulated Microgravity Influences Immunity-Related Biomarkers in Lung Cancer

Microgravity is a novel strategy that may serve as a complementary tool to develop future cancer therapies. In lung cancer, the influence of microgravity on cellular processes and the migratory capacity of cells is well addressed. However, its effect on the mechanisms that drive lung cancer progression remains in their infancy. In this study, 13 differentially expressed genes were shown to be associated with the prognosis of lung cancer under simulated microgravity (SMG). Using gene set enrichment analysis, these genes are enriched in humoral immunity pathways. In lieu, alveolar basal-epithelial (A549) cells were exposed to SMG via a 2D clinostat system in vitro. In addition to morphology change and decrease in proliferation rate, SMG reverted the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype of A549, a key mechanism in cancer progression. This was evidenced by increased epithelial E-cadherin expression and decreased mesenchymal N-cadherin expression, hence exhibiting a less metastatic state. Interestingly, we observed increased expression of FCGBP, BPIFB, F5, CST1, and CFB and their correlation to EMT under SMG, rendering them potential tumor suppressor biomarkers. Together, these findings reveal new opportunities to establish novel therapeutic strategies for lung cancer treatment.     

SubSeven’s Honey Pot Program

A serious security threat today are malicious executables, especially new, unseen malicious executables often arriving as email attachments. These new malicious executables are created at the rate of thousands every year¹ and pose a serious threat. Current anti-virus systems attempt to detect these new malicious programs with heuristic generated by hand. This approach is costly and often ineffective. In this paper we introduce the Trojan Horse SubSeven, its capabilities and influence over intrusion detection systems. A Honey Pot program is implemented, simulating the SubSeven Server. The Honey Pot Program provides feedback and stores data to and from the SubSeven’s client.     

Effects of ultra-high injection pressure and micro-hole nozzle on flame structure and soot formation of impinging diesel spray

The effects of ultra-high injection pressure (P_inj = 300 MPa) and micro-hole nozzle (d = 0.08 mm) on flame structure and soot formation of impinging diesel spray were studied with a high speed video camera in a constant volume combustion vessel. Two-color pyrometry was used to measure the line-of-sight soot temperature and concentration with two wavelengths of 650 and 800 nm. A flat wall vertical to the injector axis is located 30 mm away from the injector nozzle tip to generate impinging spray flame. Three injection pressures of 100, 200 and 300 MPa and two injector nozzles with diameters of 0.16 and 0.08 mm were used. With the conventional injector nozzle (0.16 mm), ultra-high injection pressure generates appreciably lower soot formation. With the micro-hole nozzle (0.08 mm), impinging spray flame shows much smaller size and lower soot formation at the injection pressure of 100 MPa. The soot formation is too weak to be detected with the micro-hole nozzle at injection pressures of 200 and 300 MPa. With eliminating the impact of injection rate on soot level, both ultra-high injection pressure and micro-hole nozzle have an obvious effect on soot reduction. Soot formation characteristics of impinging spray flame were compared with those of free spray flame using both the conventional and micro-hole nozzles. With the conventional nozzle, flat wall impingement deteriorates soot formation significantly. While soot formation characteristics of free spray flame with the micro-hole nozzle are not altered obviously by flat wall. Liquid length of the 0.16 mm nozzle is longer than the impingement distance and liquid length of the 0.08 mm nozzle is shorter than the impingement distance. Liquid impingement upon the wall is responsible for the deteriorated soot level of impinging flame compared to that of free flame with the conventional nozzle.     

Effect of common water contaminants on the corrosion of aluminium alloys in ethylene glycol-water solution

The effects of common water contaminants of chloride (Cl⁻), cupric (Cu²⁺) and ferric (Fe³⁺) ions, in four different mixture combination of Fe³⁺ + Cu²⁺, Cl⁻ + Fe³⁺, Cl⁻ + Cu²⁺ and Cl⁻ + Fe³⁺ + Cu²⁺, were examined on the corrosion behaviour of aluminium alloys in ethylene glycol-water solution, using mass loss technique. The highest material losses were recorded for the two alloys in ethylene glycol solution containing the combination of the chloride and the two heavy metal ions. The corrosivity of the solution in the presence of the combination of ions was in the order of Cl⁻ + Fe³⁺ + Cu²⁺ > Cl⁻ + Cu²⁺ > Cl⁻ + Fe³⁺ > Fe³⁺ + Cu²⁺. The results gave first-order kinetics with respect to aluminium in ethylene glycol solution-ion systems. Alloy 3SR exhibits maximum corrosion in all the solutions. It is concluded that the two commercial alloys in the solution polluted with all the three ions would not be able to survive for reasonable period of time without corrosion inhibitor.     

Auto-generated site layout: an integrated approach to real-time sensing of temporary facilities in infrastructure projects*

The use of computational algorithms is popular in method studies, especially in the aspects of knowledge that relates to construction site layout modelling. However, extant approaches in these seldom support automated tracking of construction resources and available spaces. As a result, it is often time-consuming and subjective to autogenerate site layouts. This paper describes the development and implementation of a component-level system that is capable of generating site layouts automatically. The system involves the integration of building information models, genetic algorithm and a radio frequency identification system that has the capability to report object locations in real time. System and software architectures are presented to illustrate the enabling technologies, subsystems and software that are required to facilitate the developed system. A case study is also presented to demonstrate the functionality of the developed system. The practical implication of this research is such that the reported findings builds on gaps in previous scholarly work to develop a system that models site layouts and the associated costs automatically. Findings from the study also facilitate both early signalling of pending delays and their immediate recovery protocols.