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1.
A remarkably good correlation between the rate of proton transfer from excited protonated 1-aminopyrene and the gas phase basicities of the organic component in water: organic solvent binary mixtures has been found. We suggest that use of anilinium acids minimizes the effect of anion solvation and Coulomb interactions and enables the influence of the organic cosolvent on the proton transfer to be clearly observed. The model proposed is one in which the proton is always transferred to a water molecule and a concerted proton transfer to a water molecule solvated by the organic cosolvent also occurs. The cosolvent influence is then on this latter species via hydrogen bond interactions. The correlation holds in pure water but not in pure organic solvents where, clearly, the proton must be transferred to the organic molecule.  相似文献   
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This paper suggests a general method for compiling OR-parallelism into AND-parallelism. An interpreter for an AND/OR-parallel language written in the AND-parallel subset of the language induces a source-to-source transformation from the full language into the AND-parallel subset. This transformation can be identified and implemented as a special purpose compiler or applied using a general purpose partial evaluator. The method is demonstrated to compile a variant of Concurrent Prolog into an AND-parallel subset of the language called Flat Concurrent Prolog (FCP). It is also shown applicable to the compilation of OR-parallel Prolog to FCP. The transformation identified is simple and efficient. The performance of the method is discussed in the context of programming examples. These compare well with conventionally compiled Prolog programs.  相似文献   
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The problem of allowing a dynamically changing set of processes fair access to a shared resource is considered, in the context of communication-stream based systems. It is argued that fair binary merge operators alone cannot solve this problem satisfactorily. Two solutions are proposed. One employs binary merge operators with a programmable bias; the other binary and ternary fair merge operators capable of self-balancing, using the concept of 2–3 trees. A Concurrent Prolog implementation of these operators is described. The implementation of the self-balancing merge operators illustrates the expressive power of incomplete messages, a programming technique that supports messages that contain communication channels as arguments. In the course of implementing the self-balancing merge operator, it was necessary to develop a distributed variant of the 2–3 tree deletion algorithm.  相似文献   
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It is shown that the basic operations of object-oriented programming languages — creating an, object, sending and receiving messages, modifying an object’s state, and forming class-superclass hierarchies — can be implemented naturally in Concurrent Prolog. In addition, a new object-oriented programming paradigm, called incomplete messages, is presented. This paradigm subsumes stream communication, and greatly simplifies the complexity of programs defining communication networks and protocols for managing shared resources. Several interesting programs are presented, including a multiple-window manager. All programs have been developed and tested using the Concurrent Prolog interpreter described in.1)  相似文献   
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Simple SummaryMembrane-associated PCNA is expressed on the surface of human MM cell lines and primary MM cells. Mab 14-25-9 interacts with membrane-associated PCNA and blocks its binding to NK-expressed NKp44, thus activating NK function. We showed that mAb 14-25-9 can serve as an immune checkpoint blocker, enhancing the function of NK cells on target human MM cell lines and primary cells.AbstractMultiple Myeloma (MM) is a devastating malignancy that evades immune destruction using multiple mechanisms. The NKp44 receptor interacts with PCNA (Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen) and may inhibit NK cells’ functions. Here we studied in vitro the expression and function of PCNA on MM cells. First, we show that PCNA is present on the cell membrane of five out of six MM cell lines, using novel anti-PCNA mAb developed to recognize membrane-associated PCNA. Next, we stained primary bone marrow (BM) mononuclear cells from MM patients and showed significant staining of membrane-associated PCNA in the fraction of CD38+CD138+ BM cells that contain the MM cells. Importantly, blocking of the membrane PCNA on MM cells enhanced the activity of NK cells, including IFN-γ-secretion and degranulation. Our results highlight the possible blocking of the NKp44-PCNA immune checkpoint by the mAb 14-25-9 antibody to enhance NK cell responses against MM, providing a novel treatment option.  相似文献   
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Antimicrobial packaging can preserve and increase shelf life of free preservatives food products. Active materials present in the packaging material can migrate, in a controlled manner, to the food surface, avoiding bacterial and fungal proliferation and keeping the food product edible for longer periods of time. Essential oils (EO) are natural antimicrobial agents that can be released to the headspace with no direct contact between the package and the food. To minimize loses of EO during high heat melt processing, a three stages process was implemented and tested. Antimicrobial films were prepared by melt mixing a variety of polyethylene copolymers in the presence of organo‐modified montmorillonite nano clay (NC) and thymol, an EO present in oregano and thyme. A controlled EO desorption from films can be achieved by changing the polymer crystallinity and polarity. As the crystallinity increased, the thermal stability of the EO during the extrusion process improved. The addition of NC affects the structure and homogeneity of the crystals. The combination of high polymer crystallinity and chemical affinity between EO and NC increased the thermal stability of the EO during film processing, enabling to control the desorption rate. The effect of multilayer structure based on varied densities and polarities was also studied. Increasing the polarity of the outer layers in multilayered film reduced the EO desorption rate as a result of chemical interactions between the polymer and the EO. The final antimicrobial activity of the films was also found to be dependent on the EO partitioning. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 40309.  相似文献   
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This report covers two exciting events in the scientific landscape of the State of Israel: the traditional Wolf Prize Symposium of the ICS and the Wolf Prize Ceremony in the Knesset. The symposium, dedicated to the science of Stephen L. Buchwald and John F. Hartwig, highlighted the catalytic formation of C−N bonds. In a general sense, the two Wolf Prize laureates may be considered as molecular architects who produced efficient molecular-scale machines that make important molecules for the benefit of humanity. After receiving the Wolf Prize from Israel's President, Buchwald commented, “There are many who believe that support for research should focus exclusively on endeavors that have specific practical applications in mind. With this mindset, our work would have never been possible. Time and time again experience shows that it is exceedingly difficult to predict which scientific discoveries will lead to major advances. So often, it is the scientist following his or her own intellectual curiosity whose work leads to a breakthrough. I believe that basic curiosity-driven research and societal and economic progress are inextricably linked.” And Hartwig comments, “We all know the principles of science know no boundaries, but maybe less appreciated, or taken for granted, is that the assembly of research teams in many places knows no boundaries. If we recognize and nurture talent in people from all corners and all backgrounds we can address and maybe solve today's most important problems in health, energy, and environmental sustainability that are urgently facing us.”  相似文献   
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