Garzan oil field is located at the south east of Turkey. It is a mature oil field and the reservoir is fractured carbonate reservoir. After producing about 1% original oil in place (OOIP) reservoir pressure started to decline. Waterflooding was started in order to support reservoir pressure and also to enhance oil production in 1960. Waterflooding improved the oil recovery but after years of flooding water breakthrough at the production wells was observed. This increased the water/oil ratio at the production wells. In order to enhance oil recovery again different techniques were investigated. Chemical enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods are gaining attention all over the world for oil recovery. Surfactant injection is an effective way for interfacial tension (IFT) reduction and wettability reversal. In this study, 31 different types of chemicals were studied to specify the effects on oil production. This paper presents solubility of surfactants in brine, IFT and contact angle measurements, imbibition tests, and lastly core flooding experiments. Most of the chemicals were incompatible with Garzan formation water, which has high divalent ion concentration. In this case, the usage of 2-propanol as co-surfactant yielded successful results for stability of the selected chemical solutions. The results of the wettability test indicated that both tested cationic and anionic surfactants altered the wettability of the carbonate rock from oil-wet to intermediate-wet. The maximum oil recovery by imbibition test was reached when core was exposed 1-ethly ionic liquid after imbibition in formation water. Also, after core flooding test, it is concluded that considerable amount of oil can be recovered from Garzan reservoir by waterflooding alone if adverse effects of natural fractures could be eliminated. 相似文献
To provide authentication to the Diffie-Hellman key exchange, a few integrated key exchange schemes which provide authentication using the DSA signature have been proposed in the literature. In this letter we point out that all of the previous Diffie-Hellman-DSA schemes do not provide security against session state reveal attacks. We also suggest a strong Diffie-Hellman-DSA scheme providing security against session state reveal attacks as well as forward secrecy and key independence 相似文献
A method for the time suboptimal control of an industrial manipulator from an initial position and orientation to a final
position and orientation as it moves along a specified path is proposed. Nonlinear system equations that describe the manipulator
motion are linearized at each time step along the path. A method which gives the control inputs (joint angular velocities)
for time suboptimal control of the manipulator is developed. In the formulation, joint angular velocity and acceleration limitations
are also taken into consideration. A six degree of freedom elbow type manipulator is used in numerical examples to verify
the method developed. 相似文献
Complementary electroplating combined with electrophoresis enhanced the field emission characteristics of emitters by improving the adhesions between CNT emitters and substrate. The emitting current of the CNT emitters prepared by our combined method increased nine times higher than that of CNT emitters prepared by electrophoresis only, since electroplating improved the adhesion of CNT emitters. During the life-time measurement for 10 h, the emitting current of CNT emitters fabricated by electrophoresis only was drastically decreased to 13% of the initial current, while that prepared by the combination of electrophoresis and successive electroplating decreased to 64% of the initial current. We suggest that our method is a promising approach for the efficient fabrication of reliable CNT emitters. 相似文献
Today, the design of antenna arrays is very important in providing effective and efficient wireless communication. The purpose of antenna array synthesis is to obtain a radiation pattern with a low side lobe level (SLL) at a desired half power beam width in far-field. The amplitude and position values of the array elements can be optimized to obtain a radiation pattern with suppressed SLLs. In this paper, swarm-based metaheuristic algorithms including particle swarm optimization (PSO), artificial bee colony (ABC), mayfly algorithm (MA) and jellyfish search (JS) are compared to determine the optimal design of linear antenna arrays. Extensive experiments are conducted on designing 10-, 16-, 24- and 32-element linear arrays by determining the amplitude and positions. Experiments are repeated 30 times due to the random nature of swarm-based optimizers, and statistical results show that the performance of the novel algorithms, MA and JS, is better than that of the well-known PSO and ABC methods.
Molecular model approach has been used to predict the dispersion characteristics of flexible polymer chains in confined geometries.
The analysis ranges from the early stage dispersion to the steady Taylor dispersion of the simple linear dumbbell model polymer
chains. For the early stasje dispersion the ray method was applied; an Aris type moments rnothod was useful for the Taylor
dispersion. Two parallel plates were chosen as a confining geometry and the specific initial condition of a point source in
the midway of the gap was chosen for simplicity. It was found that the qualitative difference in dispersion properties of
deformable polymer chains starts from the early stage compared with those of single Brownian particles. And it turns out that
one parameter, which is similar to the relative spacing of the dumbbell to the gap of confining geometries, is useful to see
the dispersion characteristics of the dumbbells. 相似文献
The esterification of the hydroxyl group of starch with DuPont Surlyn was considered as pretreatment method of starch before blending with polyolefins. In treating starch with Surlyn, two different raction conditions were taken to optimize reaction conditions. First, the esterification reaction was carried out in 110°C xylene with oleic acid as a catalyst. Second, the reaction out in a 90°C mixture of deionized water and xylene with ceric ammonium nitrate(CAN) as an initiator. Starch granules would be swollen above the gelatinization temperature in water. In both cases starch was midified by Surlyn to have good compatibility with low-density polyethylene (LDPE). The mechanical and theological properties were examined for blends of the treated starch and LDPE. This system may be one of the biodegradable polymer blends that sufficiently retain properties as a packaging film. 相似文献
Experimental investigations were performed to see how the die exit geometry and the extrusion velocity influence on extrudate
swell and melt fracture for several polymer melts [low-density polyethylene, styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and SBR/HAF (carbon
black) compound]. Four different types of die exit geometry were considered; 0° (symmetric. usual capillary die), and 30°,
45° and 60° (asymmetric dies) were chosen for the die exit angle. Extrudate diameters were measured without draw-down under
isothermal condition. Polymer melts were extruded into an oil that has the same density and temperature as those of the extrudate.
Extrudate swells from dies with different diameters were correlated with volumetric flow rates. It was observed that the extrudate
swell increases with increasing volumetric flow rate and exhibits through a minimum value at about 45° die exit angle. As
to the fracture phenomena, it was observed that the critical shear for the onset of melt fracture increases with the increasing
die exit angle up to 45°. However, for 60° die exit angle, the onset of melt fracture is again similar to that of 0° exit
angle. 相似文献