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1.
Experimental studies on phase equilibria in the multicomponent system PbO-ZnO-CaO-SiO2-FeO-Fe2O3 in air have been conducted to characterize the phase relations of a complex slag system used in commercial lead oxidation
smelting. The liquidus in the pseudo-ternary section ZnO-“Fe2O3”-(PbO + CaO + SiO2) with the CaO/SiO2 weight ratio of 0.35 and the PbO/(CaO + SiO2) weight ratio of 5.0 has been constructed using results of over 100 high-temperature equilibration and quenching experiments
followed by electron probe X-ray microanalysis. The liquidus in this pseudoternary section contains primary phase fields of
spinel (zinc ferrite) Zn
x
Fe3−x
O4+y
, zincite Zn
u
Fe1−u
O, melilite Pb
v
Ca2−v
Zn
w
Fe1−w
Si2O7, hematite Fe2O3, magneto-plumbite PbFe10O16, and dicalcium silicate Ca2−t
Pb
t
SiO4. The laboratory results are compared with the slags obtained from an industrial reactor. 相似文献
2.
Evgueni T. Filipov Junho Chun Glaucio H. Paulino Junho Song 《Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization》2016,53(4):673-694
We use versatile polygonal elements along with a multiresolution scheme for topology optimization to achieve computationally efficient and high resolution designs for structural dynamics problems. The multiresolution scheme uses a coarse finite element mesh to perform the analysis, a fine design variable mesh for the optimization and a fine density variable mesh to represent the material distribution. The finite element discretization employs a conforming finite element mesh. The design variable and density discretizations employ either matching or non-matching grids to provide a finer discretization for the density and design variables. Examples are shown for the optimization of structural eigenfrequencies and forced vibration problems. 相似文献
3.
Ata Fallah-Mehrjardi Peter C. Hayes Evgueni Jak 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B》2013,44(6):1337-1351
Freeze-lining technologies have been employed to protect the cooling walls of reactors from chemically aggressive molten reactants. To date, the designs of freeze linings for pyrometallurgical reactors have been based on the basic assumption that the interface between the deposit and the bath remains at the liquidus temperature of the bulk liquid. There is, however, increasing evidence that interface temperature between stagnant deposit and bath is less than the liquidus of the bulk liquid. A previous study also demonstrated that the effects of bath chemistry need to be taken into account in freeze-lining designs. To investigate the fundamental processes involved in the formation and stability of the deposit, experimental laboratory studies have been undertaken in the Cu-Fe-Si-Al-O slag system in equilibrium with metallic copper using an air-cooled probe technique. In the current study, the effects of bath agitation on the microstructure, morphologies of the phases, and formation of various layers across the freeze-lining deposit were studied at steady-state conditions. It appears that the changes in the fluid flow pattern through changes in shear intensities result in corresponding changes in the deposit microstructure, formation of the sealing primary phase layer, thus influencing the interface temperature between freeze-lining deposit and the liquid bath. 相似文献
4.
Taufiq Hidayat Peter C. Hayes Evgueni Jak 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B》2012,43(1):14-26
Ferrous calcium silicate slags, whose principal components are “FeO
x
”-CaO-SiO2, are widely used in copper smelting and converting operations. In the current study, high-temperature equilibration and rapid
quenching techniques were used to study the phase equilibria of the ferrous calcium silicate slags. The compositions of phases
in the slags were measured accurately using electron probe X-ray microanalysis (EPMA). The phase equilibria of the system
have been characterized at oxygen partial pressures between 10−5 atm and 10−7 atm at selected temperatures between 1473 K and 1623 K (1200 °C and 1350 °C). The effects of oxygen partial pressure and temperature
on the compositions of phases in the slags are presented. 相似文献
5.
This paper presents design, fabrication and performance testing results of the micro displacement capacitive microsensor fabricated by femtosecond laser machining technology. The microsensor having overall dimensions of 1,275 (W)×1,153 (L) μm consisted of 20 pairs of comb fingers of 24 (W)×300 (L) μm with a gap between the fingers of 6 μm, suspension springs, inertial mass and support anchors. The sensor structure was fabricated from a 25 μm thick tungsten foil. The fabricated microsensor was able to deliver 230 fF capacitance variations for measured displacements up to 25 μm. The results on the performance testing and geometry evaluation under pins the laser micromachining technology as an effective tool to fabricate miniature functional components and mechanisms. The developed microsensor can be used for micro/nano scale displacement measurements in MEMS applications. 相似文献
6.
Angela Bielefeldt Ma. Guadalupe D. Gutierrez-Padilla Serguei Ovtchinnikov Joann Silverstein Mark Hernandez 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2010,136(7):731-738
The importance of bacteria in catalyzing microbially induced concrete corrosion was evaluated. Experiments were conducted to determine the optimum pH and growth kinetics of four selected bacterial strains (Thiobacillus neapolitanus C2, Thiobacillus thioparus H1, Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans, and Acidiphilium cryptum LHET2). Combinations of these strains were inoculated into flasks containing ~ 42?g concrete blocks half-submerged in 600 mL of synthetic wastewater with hydrogen sulfide in the headspace air. Controls not inoculated with bacteria lost 0–3 mg/g concrete over 227 days; in the aqueous phase the minimum pH was 6–6.7 and 19–23 mg of calcium/g concrete was released. Systems inoculated with two species of neutrophilic sulfur oxidizing microorganisms (SOM) lost 8 mg/g concrete; in the aqueous phase the minimum pH was 4.5 and 25 mg of calcium/g concrete was released. The concrete samples incubated with neutrophilic and acidophilic SOM and an acidophilic heterotroph experienced the greatest deterioration, with a total mass loss of 13 mg/g concrete, minimum aqueous pH of 3.0, 28 mg calcium/g concrete released, and 47 mg sulfate/g concrete produced. 相似文献
7.
A model has been developed that enables the viscosities of the fully liquid slag in the multi-component Al2O3-CaO-FeO-Fe2O3-MgO-Na2O-SiO2 system to be predicted within experimental uncertainties over a wide range of compositions and temperatures. The Eyring equation is used to express viscosity as a function of temperature and composition. The model links the activation and pre-exponential energy terms in the viscosity expression to the slag internal structure through the concentrations of various Si0.5O, $ {\text{Me}}^{n + }_{2/n} {\text{O}} $ , and $ {\text{Me}}^{n + }_{ 1/n} {\text{Si}}_{0. 2 5} {\text{O}} $ viscous flow structural units (SUs). The concentrations of these SUs are derived from a quasi-chemical thermodynamic model of the liquid slag using the thermodynamic computer package FactSage. The model describes a number of slag viscosity features including the charge compensation effect specific for the Al2O3-containing systems. The predictive capability of the model is enhanced by the physical aspects of the model parameters—the correlation with other physicochemical properties as well as experimental viscosity data is used to determine model parameters. The present series of two papers outlines (a) recent significant improvements introduced into the model formalism and (b) application of the model to the Al2O3-CaO-MgO-SiO2 system, review of experimental viscosity data, and optimization of the corresponding model parameters for this system. 相似文献
8.
Evgueni Jak Peter C. Hayes Sergei Degterov Arthur D. Peiton 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B》2001,32(5):793-800
Experimental and thermodynamic modeling studies have been carried out on the Zn-Fe-Si-O system. This research is part of a
wider program to characterize zinc/lead industrial slags and sinters in the PbO-ZnO-SiO2-CaO-FeO-Fe2O3 system. Experimental investigations involve high-temperature equilibration and quenching techniques followed by electron
probe X-ray microanalysis (EPMA). Liquidus temperatures and solid solubilities of the crystalline phases were measured in
the temperature range from 1200 °C to 1450 °C (1473 to 1723 K) in the zinc ferrite, zincite, willemite, and tridymite primary-phase
fields in the Zn-Fe-Si-O system in air. These equilibrium data for the Zn-Fe-Si-O system in air, combined with previously
reported data for this system, were used to obtain an optimized self-consistent set of parameters of thermodynamic models
for all phases. 相似文献
9.
Liu Jingjing Fallah-Mehrjardi Ata Shishin Denis Jak Evgueni Dorreen Mark Taylor Mark 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B》2017,48(6):3185-3195
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B - In an aluminum electrolysis cell, the side ledge forms on side walls to protect it from the corrosive cryolitic bath. In this study, a series of... 相似文献
10.
Level‐set topology optimization with many linear buckling constraints using an efficient and robust eigensolver 下载免费PDF全文
Peter D. Dunning Evgueni Ovtchinnikov Jennifer Scott H. Alicia Kim 《International journal for numerical methods in engineering》2016,107(12):1029-1053
Linear buckling constraints are important in structural topology optimization for obtaining designs that can support the required loads without failure. During the optimization process, the critical buckling eigenmode can change; this poses a challenge to gradient‐based optimization and can require the computation of a large number of linear buckling eigenmodes. This is potentially both computationally difficult to achieve and prohibitively expensive. In this paper, we motivate the need for a large number of linear buckling modes and show how several features of the block Jacobi conjugate gradient (BJCG) eigenvalue method, including optimal shift estimates, the reuse of eigenvectors, adaptive eigenvector tolerances and multiple shifts, can be used to efficiently and robustly compute a large number of buckling eigenmodes. This paper also introduces linear buckling constraints for level‐set topology optimization. In our approach, the velocity function is defined as a weighted sum of the shape sensitivities for the objective and constraint functions. The weights are found by solving an optimization sub‐problem to reduce the mass while maintaining feasibility of the buckling constraints. The effectiveness of this approach in combination with the BJCG method is demonstrated using a 3D optimization problem. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献