Full AC analysis of value of DER to the grid and optimal DER scheduling

This paper presents part of the work ComEd and Quanta Technology have performed to quantify the locational and temporal value of DER to avoid distribution grid upgrade investments. It focuses on the formulation of a robust and efficient algorithm for DER optimal dispatch on a distribution feeder to mitigate the violation of current and voltage limits using the allocated cost of capacity and locational marginal value of real and reactive DER injection/withdrawal.     

Reconstruction of reflectance spectra using weighted principal component analysis

The weighted principal component analysis technique is employed for reconstruction of reflectance spectra of surface colors from the related tristimulus values. A dynamic eigenvector subspace based on applying certain weights to reflectance data of Munsell color chips has been formed for each particular sample and the color difference value between the target, and Munsell dataset is chosen as a criterion for determination of weighting factors. Implementation of this method enables one to increase the influence of samples which are closer to target on extracted principal eigenvectors and subsequently diminish the effect of those samples which benefit from higher amount of color difference. The performance of the suggested method is evaluated in spectral reflectance reconstruction of three different collections of colored samples by the use of the first three Munsell bases. The resulting spectra show considerable improvements in terms of root mean square error between the actual and reconstructed reflectance curves as well as CIELAB color difference under illuminant A in comparison to those obtained from the standard PCA method. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 33, 360–371, 2008     

Bioprinting a cell-laden matrix for bone regeneration: A focused review

Although many efforts have been made to regenerate the bone lesions, existing challenges can be mitigated through the development of tissue engineering scaffolds. However, the weak control on the microstructure of constructs, limitation in preparation of patient-specific and multilayered scaffolds, restriction in the fabrication of cell-laden matrixes, and challenges in preserving the drug/growth factors' efficacy in conventional methods have led to the development of bioprinting technology for regeneration of bone defects. So in this review, conventional 3D printers are classified, then the priority of the different types of bioprinting technologies for the preparation of the cell/growth factor-laden matrixes are focused. Besides, the bio-ink compositions, including polymeric/hybrid hydrogels and cell-based bio-inks are classified according to fundamental and recent studies. Herein, different effective parameters, such as viscosity, rheological properties, cross-linking methods, biodegradation biocompatibility, are considered. Finally, different types of cells and growth factors that can encapsulate in the bio-inks to promote bone repair are discussed, and both in vitro and in vivo achievement are considered. This review provides current and future perspectives of cell-laden bioprinting technologies. The restrictions and challenges are identified, and proper strategies for the development of cell-laden matrixes and high-performance printable bio-inks are proposed.     

AN INTERACTIVE SEARCH ASSISTANT ARCHITECTURE BASED ON INTRINSIC QUERY STREAM CHARACTERISTICS

Search engine query log mining has evolved over time to more like data stream mining due to the endless and continuous sequence of queries known as query stream. In this paper, we propose an online frequent sequence discovery (OFSD) algorithm to extract frequent phrases from within query streams, based on a new frequency rate metric, which is suitable for query stream mining. OFSD is an online, single pass, and real-time frequent sequence miner appropriate for data streams. The frequent phrases extracted by the OFSD algorithm are used to guide novice Web search engine users to complete their search queries more efficiently. YourEye, our online phrase recommender is then introduced. The advantages of YourEye compared with Google Suggest, a service powered by Google for phrase suggestion, is also described. Various characteristics of two specific Web search engine query logs are analyzed and then the query logs are used to evaluate YourEye. The experimental results confirm the significant benefit of monitoring frequent phrases within the queries instead of the whole queries because none-separable items. The number of the monitored elements substantially decreases, which results in smaller memory consumption as well as better performance. Re-ranking the retrieved pages based on past users clicks for each frequent phrase extracted by OFSD is also introduced. The preliminary results show the advantages of the proposed method compared to the similar work reported in Smyth et al.     

UML-CI: A reference model for profiling critical infrastructure systems

The study of critical infrastructure systems organization and behavior has drawn great attention in the recent years. This is in part due to their great influence on the ordinary life of every citizen. In this paper, we study critical infrastructures’ characteristics and propose a reference model based on the Unified Modeling Language (UML). This reference model attempts to provide suitable means for the task of modeling an infrastructure system through offering five major metamodels. We introduce each of these metamodels and explain how it is possible to integrate them into a unique representation to characterize various aspects of an infrastructure system. Based on the metamodels of UML-CI, infrastructure system knowledge bases can be built to aid the process of infrastructure system modeling, profiling, and management.     

Interactive smart battery storage for a PV and wind hybrid energy management control based on conservative power theory

This paper presents interactive smart battery-based storage (BBS) for wind generator (WG) and photovoltaic (PV) systems. The BBS is composed of an asymmetric cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter (ACMI) with staircase modulation. The structure is parallel to the WG and PV systems, allowing the ACMI to have a reduction in power losses compared to the usual solution for storage connected at the DC-link of the converter for WG or PV systems. Moreover, the BBS is embedded with a decision algorithm running real-time energy costs, plus a battery state-of-charge manager and power quality capabilities, making the described system in this paper very interactive, smart and multifunctional. The paper describes how BBS interacts with the WG and PV and how its performance is improved. Experimental results are presented showing the efficacy of this BBS for renewable energy applications.     

Nano levels detection of beryllium by a novel beryllium PVC-based membrane sensor based on 2,3,5,6,8,9-hexahydro-1,4,7,10-benzotetra oxacyclododecine-12-carbaldehyde-12-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)hy

A novel poly(vinyl chloride)-based 2,3,5,6,8,9-hexahydro-1,4,7,10-benzotetra oxacyclododecine-12-carbaldehyde-12-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)hy (PBC) with sodium tetraphenyl borate (NaTPB) as an anion excluder, benzyl acetate (BA), acetophenon (AP) and o-nitrophenyloctyl ether (NPOE) as plasticizing solvent mediators was prepared and investigated as a beryllium selective sensor. The best performance was observed with the membrane having the PVC–NaTPB–NPOE–PBC composition 30%:3%:62%:5%, which worked well over a very wide concentration range (1.0×10⁻⁷ M to 1.0×10⁻¹ M). The sensor exhibits a Nernstian slope of 29.9 mV per decade of Be²⁺ activity. The detection limit of the sensor is 7.0×10⁻⁸ M (630 ppt). The proposed electrode shows excellent discriminating ability toward Be²⁺ ion with regard to alkali, alkaline earth, transition and heavy metal ions. It was successfully applied to the determination of beryllium in a mineral sample.     

Ultraviolet Lamp Output Measurement: A Concise Derivation of the Keitz Equation

An equation relating the measured irradiance and the output power of a fluorescent lamp was derived by Keitz. The equation forms the basis for a new protocol that has been proposed for quantifying the total flux from an ultraviolet lamp. There has been confusion in the literature regarding the spatial distribution of flux from lamp emitters, which has led to emission models that are similar to the Keitz model but are incorrect. The Keitz equation is derived here from first principles in an effort to eliminate the confusion and present a correct method of calculating total flux.     

Cylindrical functionally graded shell model based on the first order shear deformation nonlocal strain gradient elasticity theory

Microsystem Technologies - In this article, a cylindrical functionally graded shell model is developed in the framework of nonlocal strain gradient theory for the first time. For this purpose, the...