Congenital tuberculosis. A report of a probable case

Extensive miliary pulmonary tuberculosis in a 17-day-old infant born to a mother with pulmonary tuberculosis is described. It was assumed that the patient probably had congental tuberculosis. We report our findings to draw attention to a rare disease where a high index of suspicion, timely diagnosis and adequate management are essential if treatment is to be successful.     

Short- and long-term efficiency of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) to prevent crystal formation in South African wine

Crystal formation in bottled wine occurs due to the over-saturation of wine with potassium bitartrate (KHT) salt when exposed to low temperatures. In this study, special focus was given to the efficiency of a crystallisation-inhibiting additive, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), which is widely used in the food industry. In 2008, CMC was authorised by the International Organisation of Vine and Wine (OIV) for use in white and sparkling wines, but is not yet officially permitted in all wine-producing countries. The use of CMC could be of economical importance to the wine industry because energy costs due to cooling can be reduced. Unlike traditional cooling methods, the use of CMC theoretically prevents the loss of acidity. In this study, the short- and long-term efficiencies of CMC were investigated in South African white, rosé and red wines. Efficiency was determined primarily by measuring changes in potassium (K(+)) and tartaric acid (H(2)T) concentrations and visual crystal formation. As part of this study CMC's efficiency was compared with several other crystal inhibition treatments, and was also evaluated for its temperature stability over a year. CMC's effect on colour and total phenols was also assessed. The results reveal a high efficiency in preventing losses in K(+) and H(2)T concentrations in white wines, even with an ageing period of up to 12 months. The addition of CMC to rosé wines also delivered certain positive results, but less so for red wine. Three different commercial CMCs were also compared with mannoproteins to prevent changes in K(+) and H(2)T concentrations in three different wines. Furthermore, sensory evaluation was performed to determine certain organoleptic changes as a result of CMC treatments.     

Design of an access control module for an instrumentation gateway

This paper describes some of the preliminary work performed on a resource access control module for an instrumentation gateway. The access control module employs a variation of the popular role-based access control (RBAC) scheme described by various authors. The gateway has very little security; hence, any user able to log onto the system is able to control any resource. This module aims to implement a pluggable module whereby users are granted access to various parts of the system depending on their user rights, while giving the administrator a very powerful method of restricting access without sacrificing ease of administration.     

Using turbine expanders to recover exothermic reaction heat—flow sheet development for typical chemical processes

The integration of a turbine expander into different types of high pressure, exothermic chemical synthesis processes is considered. In conventional systems, the reaction heat is often transferred to generate steam to drive steam turbines or used for heat integration. The heat is reduced in quality due to the temperature driving forces in the heat exchange equipment. Reaction heat can be utilised at the maximum possible temperature by placing a turbine expander directly after the reactor. The power generated from such combined power and chemical systems can either be exported or used to satisfy the process compressor requirements. A methodology is presented to lend structure to the development and analysis of the flow sheets for the mentioned systems. The methodology involves the consideration of various factors that were identified to impact on the flow sheet development. These factors are discussed and a brief overview of the flow sheet development for four different case studies is given. Process data generated from simulations are used.