A set expression based inheritance system

This paper describes a new formalism for inheritance systems, based on the formal semantics of set expressions. Using the formalism, it is possible to define new semantic classes by arbitrary set expressions operating on previously defined classes. Thus generalizing bothIS-A links andIS-NOT-A links and adding the set intersection operation. We present an efficient algorithm which follows these definitions to deduce the properties implied by the inheritance network, i.e., the properties of the classes containing a given element. The application which motivated the development of the formalism, namely semantic disambiguation of natural language, is also described.     

Applications of computer and numerical analysis techniques in welding research

In recent years, computer technology has made remarkable progress and a computer has become an indispensable tool for both engineers and scientists. In this article, utilization of computers in welding research is briefly summarized. Their use in numerical analysis is particularly discussed and applied to physical phenomena in molten pool, hydrogen diffusion and residual stresses due to welding. A comparison is made between theoretical and experimental results.     

氟化活性炭纤维对极性分子的吸附

将活性炭纤维（ACF）与氟气反应制备出氟化活性炭纤维（FACF），根据将FACF与参照试样XPS的对比，碳原子是以sp^3杂化轨道同氟原子形成共健键。αs图分析氮吸附等温线的线果表明，ACF氟化后其比表面积和微孔容积都显著降低，微孔宽度基本不变，ACF的水吸附等温线呈V型，而FACF对水的吸附量极小；FACF的微孔表面具有完美的憎水性和高稳定性，乙醇和甲醇在ACF上的吸附等温线是Ⅰ型，在FACF上接近于Ⅰ型，但吸附量显著降低。     

Simultaneous over- and underconfidence: The role of error in judgment processes.

Two empirical judgment phenomena appear to contradict each other. In the revision-of-opinion literature, subjective probability (SP) judgments have been analyzed as a function of objective probability (OP) and generally have been found to be conservative, that is, to represent underconfidence. In the calibration literature, analyses of OP (operationalized as relative frequency correct) as a function of SP have led to the opposite conclusion, that judgment is generally overconfident. Reanalysis of 3 studies shows that both results can be obtained from the same set of data, depending on the method of analysis. The simultaneous effects are then generated and factors influencing them are explored by means of a model that instantiates a very general theory of how SP estimates arise from true judgments perturbed by random error. Theoretical and practical implications of the work are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Fabrication of damascene Cu wirings using solid acidic catalyst

The copper damascene process is one of the most promising technologies for fabricating Cu wirings for electronic devices such as LSIs. In this research, the fabrication of damascene Cu wirings was conducted using solid acidic catalyst. When a Cu-plated wafer, whose oxide is a basic oxide is dipped into a mixture of oxidizing solution and acidic solution, surface atoms are ionized and etched off into the solution. However, because conventional nonelectrolytic etching does not have a reference surface, it is difficult to utilize for planarization. Therefore, a new nonelectrolytic machining method using a cation-exchange fabric instead of an acidic solution was developed. To be more precise, the planarization of a Cu-plated wafer was carried out by rubbing with the cation-exchange fabric in ozone water. Basically, this method exploits chemical reactions so that the physical properties of the workpiece surface are not deteriorated. Furthermore, this method uses no chemicals except for ozone water, which easily dissociates into water and oxygen molecules; thus, this method is a low-cost, environmentally friendly process. In this paper, as a preliminary experiment, the nonelectrolytic etching of a Cu sample using solutions of O₃ and CO₂ was carried out to inspect the dependence of the etching rate on [O₃] and [H⁺]. The results indicate that the etching rate increased as [O₃] and [H⁺] increased. When [H⁺] was high relative to [O₃], a smooth etch-pit-free surface was achieved. Next, nonelectrolytic etching using a cation-exchange fabric was carried out, and properties similar to those in the case of etching using solutions were obtained. Finally, damascene Cu wirings were fabricated using ozone water and a cation-exchange catalyst.     

Optimal Control of Solar Sludge Dryers

Optimal control (OC) methodology is used to develop a control policy for a batch-operated solar sludge dryer with ventilation as the dominant control. Batch performance criteria and instantaneous optimization criteria are developed for two economic environments: quota limited and capital limited. The general formulation, as well as simplifications resulting from the multiplicative form of the evaporation (drying) rate model, are presented. The multiplicative form results in a single constant number, called here “control intensity,” which is used to guide the on-line control decisions. These decisions turn out to be independent of the dry solids content (DSC) of the sludge. Further simplification, by assuming a strictly constant weather, is used to demonstrate the general effects of the economic and physical (weather) environment on the solution.

The OC approach is used to address, via simulation under realistic weather conditions, several design, operation, and pricing problems. In particular, the following have been considered: sizing of the ventilation fans, determination of a fair fee for sludge disposal, finding the best final DSC, and evaluating the effect of the price of electricity. Regarding the particular location represented by the data, it has been shown that the installed capacity of the ventilation fans should be increased and that there seems to be sufficient economic incentive for solar drying.     

Immunohistochemical study of epithelioid hemangioendothelioma in the leg: a case report

Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma is a relatively rare lesion. Although its histogenesis has been well described, its immunohistochemical characteristics remain controversial. A case of epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of the soft tissue of the right leg in a 67-year-old Chinese woman is reported. Histologic findings of intracytoplasmic lumina in the tumor cells and positive immunostaining for vimentin, factor VIII-related antigen. CD34 and Ulex europaeus agglutinin 1 (UEA-1) were obtained, demonstrating differentiation of the tumor cells to endothelial cells, although staining for antibodies to cytokeratins AE1/AE3 and CAM5.2 was weak. CD34 as well as Factor VIII-related antigen is a useful marker of endothelial differentiation in this tumor. A review of the literature is also presented.     

安全防护不容一丝轻忽—黑客入侵胰岛素泵的启发

不久前,我刚好有机会参加了一个医疗论坛,会议开幕演讲吸引了我的注意,因为会议上现场示范了如何以黑客手法侵入胰岛素泵。这场会议十分具有启发性,它让我们看到了黑客如何通过无线连接,从远端入侵存在安全漏洞的医疗设备。     

Organic–silicate hybrid catalysts based on various defined structures for Knoevenagel condensation

Two types of organic–inorganic hybrid base catalysts are prepared. Organic-functionalized molecular sieves (OFMSs), particularly “amine-immobilized porous silicates”, are designed based on common idea to immobilize catalytic active sites on silicate surface. Silicate–organic composite materials (SOCMs), such as “ordered porous silicate–quaternary ammonium composite materials”, are the precursors of ordered porous silicates obtained during the synthesis. Both the OFMS and the SOCM are used as the catalysts for Knoevenagel condensation. Among the OFMSs, there is clear tendency that the use of molecular sieve with larger pore volume and/or surface area gives the product in higher yield. Aminopropylsilyl (AP)-functionalized mesoporous silicates such as AP-MCM-41 gives the product in high yield under mild conditions. No loss of activity is observed after repeated use for three times. The SOCMs are also active for the same reaction. The precursors of the mesoporous silicates are more active than those of microporous silicates. This material can be repeatedly used without significant loss of activity. High activity is not due to the leached species. The active sites of the SOCM catalysts are considered to be SiO⁻ moieties located on the pore-mouth. Activity of the SOCM increases when the reaction is carried out without solvent, whereas decrease in activity of the OFMS is observed in the solvent-free system.