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1.
The electron‐spin‐resonance (ESR) spin‐probe method, was used to study the heterogeneity of denture resins based on poly(methyl methacrylate). Results for three resins processed by microwave energy, conventional curing and cold curing (depending on the curing procedure and exposed to ageing in various environmental conditions) were compared. All three cured resins were stored over the same time (1200 h) in distilled water at ambient temperature and in artificial saliva at 348 K. The temperature‐dependent ESR spectra of a spin probe dispersed in the denture resins are analyzed in terms of line‐shapes and line‐widths. The appearance of two spectral components was taken as an indication of resin heterogeneity. The results reveal that the cold‐cured resin has a lower local density in comparison with microwave and conventionally cured resin. The amount of residual monomer also contributes to the local motion of polymer segments. The change of denture resins exposed to ageing is influenced both by the structure of the original resin and the ageing conditions. Restricted motion of a spin probe incorporated into the acrylic resins exposed to accelerated ageing suggests additional crosslinking of polymer chains. The differences are observed for all the investigated resins, but the highest change is observed with the cold‐cured resin. The ESR results are accompanied by Tg and Tm measurements. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   
2.
This paper addresses the problem of assessing the quality of an a posteriori error estimate of a finite element solution. An error estimate based on local L2-projections is analysed in the case of translation-invariant meshes. It is shown that for general meshes this technique does not lead to an asymptotically exact estimator. The problem is analysed in detail in the one-dimensional setting. It is shown that an asymptotically exact estimator is not the optimal one when the solution is not sufficiently smooth. An optimal estimator for adaptively constructed meshes is given. Finally, a general mathematical framework for the quality assessment of estimators is introduced.  相似文献   
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4.
Summary The flow pattern of the slosh motion of a homogeneous, nonviscous (inviscid) and incompressible fluid with a free surface, contained in a rigid circular canal, has been dealt with analytically and experimentally. The axis of the canal is perpendicular to the direction of gravity. Considered are transverse (lateral to axis) oscillations of the liquid. The shape of the free liquid surface is determined numerically by means of a simple procedure. Theoretically calculated streamlines (path lines) are found to be in good qualitative agreement with experimentally observed trajectories of small spheres, made of plastic material and immersed in the liquid. The plastic particles and the liquid (water with a solution of salt added) have the same density.  相似文献   
5.
Zusammenfassung Die massive Bedrohung durch Nuklearwaffen, die den Supermächten die Möglichkeit zur Auslöschung allen Lebens auf der Erde geben, erfordert eine Entscheidungsfindung oftmals innerhalb weniger Minuten. Dies hat beide Seiten zum Aufbau von Frühwarn- und Entscheidungssystemen (FWES) veranlaßt, durch deren Einsatz ein atomarer Angriff noch innerhalb der Raketenflugzeit erkannt werden soll. In diesem FWES spielt die Verarbeitung und Weiterleitung von Informationen durch den Computer eine kriegsentscheidende Rolle: Die Informatik ist zu einer der wichtigsten Grundlagenwissenschaften in der Rüstungsforschung geworden. Dieser Artikel gibt eine Übersicht über die Funktionsweise computergestützter FWES und zeigt Fehlerquellen auf, die es möglich und sogar wahrscheinlich machen, daß eine Verkettung unglücklicher Umstände zu einem Nuklearkrieg aus Versehen führen kann.
Liste der Abkürzungen ANMCC Alternate National Military Command Center - BMWES Ballistic Missile Early Warning System - CSS Communication System Segment - EMP Elektromagnetischer Puls - FWES Frühwarn- und Entscheidungssystem - ICBM Intercontinental Ballistic Missile - JCS Joint Chief of Staff - NCS NORAD Computer System - NMCC National Military Command Center - NORAD North American Aerospace Defense Command Center - PAC Pacific Command - PARCS Perimeter Acquisition Radar Attack Characterization System - SAC Strategic Air Command - SCC Space Computational Center - SLBM Submarine-launched Ballistic Missiles - WWMCCS World Wide Military Command and Control System  相似文献   
6.
The relationship between chemical structure and reactivity for thermal hydroprocessing was studied for five gas oils derived from Alberta bitumens. Chemical structure was characterized by combining data from 1 H and 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, class fractionation, and elemental analysis to calculate structural parameters. Thermal hydrotreating was performed in a continuous-flow stirred reactor at 420 and 440°C, 13.9 MPa hydrogen pressure, and 1.5 h1 LHSV. Conversion of the 343–525°C boiling fraction of the gas oils was correlated with the concentration of naphthenic methylene groups in the feed. Formation of methane and ethane was dependent on the degree of condensation of the aromatic rings in the feed oils. Thermal desulfurization was highly correlated with the amount of saturates in the feed, and the aromaticity of the resin fraction. Hydrogen consumption increased with the aromaticity of the gas oil…  相似文献   
7.
In recent years, the computational power of modern processors has been increasing mainly because of the increase in the number of processor cores. Computationally intensive applications can gain from this trend only if they employ parallelism, such as thread-level parallelization. Geometric simulations can employ thread-level parallelization because the main part of a geometric simulation can be divided into a subset of mutually independent tasks. This approach is especially interesting for acoustic beam tracing because it is an intensive computing task. This paper presents the parallelization of an existing beam-tracing simulation composed of three algorithms. Two of them are iterative algorithms, and they are parallelized with an already known technique. The most novel method is the parallelization of the third algorithm, the recursive octree generation. To check the performance of the multi-threaded parallelization, several tests are performed using three different computer platforms. On all of the platforms, the multi-threaded octree generation algorithm shows a significant speedup, which is linear when all of the threads are executed on the same processor.  相似文献   
8.
A novel glass–ceramic material was developed from the melt of a TiO2-containing iron-making slag with additional waste glass. The high percentage (∼20 wt% TiO2) of this network-modifying oxide has promoted a crystallization of the parent glass, resulting in a fine-grained, homogeneous polycrystalline material with high mechanical properties ( E =120 GPa, flexural strength=∼180 MPa, and Vickers hardness=7 GPa) after a heat treatment at 1100°C for 2 h. The room temperature and elevated temperature fracture toughness were also studied. The main crystalline phases of the glass–ceramic material were of the pyroxene series until heat-treatment temperature reached 1000°C, at which titanium-rich perovskite and armalcolite crystals became the dominant phases. The end material is high-strength, aesthetically acceptable (metallic gray or opaque brown colored), and suitable for structural and architectural applications.  相似文献   
9.
Styrene polymerization was carried out with Ni(acac)2/MAO and Ni(acac)2/SiO2/MAO. The influence of reaction parameters (Al/Ni mole ratio, catalyst concentration, temperature and time polymerization) on styrene polymerization was evaluated. It was observed that both catalytic systems were affected by reaction parameters and that the heterogeneous catalyst presented higher activity than the homogeneous one. Polystyrenes with different molecular weight, stereoregularity and polydispersity were obtained. These results suggest that different active catalyst species could have been present. In addition, two types of methylaluminoxane (MAO) with different molecular weights were also evaluated as cocatalyst. As a result, the catalyst activity and stereospecificity were strongly affected by the MAO type.  相似文献   
10.
Partial differential equations describing the transport of mass and electricity in the pores of the positive electrode of a lead acid battery were derived. The theory is based on exact transport equations and on the assumption that the solid porous matrix has a metallic conductivity. Volume changes in both phases are taken into account. Numerical solutions obtained on a computer are presented for the case where the influence of electrolyte between the electrodes can be neglected. The solutions depend on the product of electrode thickness times current density, and on the initial porosity.  相似文献   
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