Sixth graders’ evaluation strategies when reading Internet search results: an eye-tracking study

Eye-tracking technology was used to examine Internet search result evaluation strategies adopted by sixth-grade students (N?=?36) during ten experimental information search tasks. The relevancy of the search result’s title, URL, and snippet components was manipulated and selection of search results as well as looking into probabilities on the search result components was analysed. The results revealed that during first-pass inspection, students read the search engine page by first looking at the title of a search result. If the title was relevant, the probability of looking at the snippet of the search result increased. During second-pass inspection, there was a high probability of students focusing on the most promising search result by inspecting all of its components before making their selection. A cluster analysis revealed three viewing strategies: half of the students looked mainly at the titles and snippets; one-third with high probability examined all components; and one-sixth mainly focused on titles, leading to more frequent errors in search result selection. The results indicate that students generally made a flexible use of both eliminative and confirmatory evaluation strategies when reading Internet search results, while some seemed to not pay attention to snippet and URL components of the search results.     

A new high-efficiency optical-microwave mixing approach

High sensitivity reception is a crucial problem of fiber radio links. A significant improvement is obtained by applying a new approach called optical-microwave double mixing. The new approach can provide as much as 30 dB of higher mixing product in a narrow-band compared with the direct detection applying only additional passive components. Detailed investigation of the optical-microwave double-mixing method is shown to get optimum adjustment for specific applications. The new method is advantageously used for the reception of subcarrier-multiplexed optical signals.     

Probleme der Querkraftbiegung des geraden Stabs

Zusammenfassung Aus den Verformungsbedingungen für einen dünnwandigen Stabquerschnitt lassen sich beim zweidimensionalen Spannungszustand die Verw?lbung des Querschnitts durch die Querkraft und daraus dann die von der Querkraft hervorgerufenen Normalspannungen ermitteln. Man kann auch die Verschiebung der Stabachse durch die Querkraft auf diese Weise berechnen und die jetzt übliche, von A. Ritter stammende N?herungsformel durch einen genauen Ausdruck ersetzen. Das Verfahren wird an zwei Beispielen, dem Rechteckquerschnitt und dem Kreisringquerschnitt, n?her erl?utert.     

Unexpected adsorption of oxygen on TiO2 nanotube arrays: influence of crystal structure

We present kinetics data of O2, n/iso-butane, CO2, and CO adsorbed at ultrahigh vacuum conditions on TiO2 nanotube (TiNTs) arrays produced by electrochemical anodization; amorphous and polycrystalline (anatase and mixed anatase/rutile) TiNTs have been studied addressing structure-activity relationships. Oxygen distinctly interacts with the TiNTs, whereas this process is not observed on fully oxidized TiO2 single crystals. Both molecularly and atomically bonded oxygen have been observed. Variations in the binding energies of alkanes were also detected.     

Morphology Analysis of the Scale Formed on Crofer 22APU Steel in Atmospheres Containing SO2

This work presents the results of a morphology analysis of the scale formed on Crofer 22APU steel at high temperature in atmospheres containing SO₂. The studies of steel oxidation were conducted on pre-oxidised and non-pre-oxidised steel within the temperature range of 700?C900 °C in a mixture of air of a varying SO₂ content and in pure air. In the case of oxidation in pure air it was established that on the surface of the Crofer 22APU a two-layer scale is formed. The outer layer of the scale contains MnCr₂O₄, whereas the inner layer contains Cr₂O₃. The scale formed in the atmosphere containing SO₂ is also comprised of two layers (outer MnCr₂O₄ and inner Cr₂O₃). The analyses were carried out with the use of the ³⁵S isotope. The analyses of the phase composition and morphology of the formed scale were conducted with the use of SEM/EDX and TEM.     

Duration of transient amnesia correlates with cognitive outcome in acute encephalitis

Temporary periods of amnesia are encountered in acute encephalitides. We investigated the association between transient encephalitic amnesia (TENA) and outcome in 60 patients. Twenty-six patients had TENA lasting < or = 1 day (short TENA), 17 had TENA lasting 2-7 days, and 17 had TENA for > 7 days (long TENA). The long TENA group had more neuropsychological impairment, larger brain lesions, and more difficulty in daily activities than the short TENA group. The findings were not explained by the number of epileptic seizures, delay of acyclovir medication, or the aetiology of encephalitis. TENA is a useful new clinical tool in predicting the outcome of acute encephalitis and selecting patients who are in need of detailed neuropsychological evaluation.     

Modification of neuromagnetic cortical signals by thalamic infarctions

The theory of courtship disorder suggests voyeurism, exhibitionism, frotteurism, and preferential rape (a paraphilic preference for coercive sex) are expressions of a common underlying disturbance. Previous research has demonstrated that voyeurism, exhibitionism, and frotteurism are relatively likely to co-occur; however, their associations with rape are weaker. One explanation is that rapists are more heterogeneous and may not always be motivated by a paraphilic interest in coercive sex. Paraphilic interests can be identified using phallometric testing, but the sensitivity of the test is attenuated by voluntary control over erectile responding. Another approach is to look for a behavioral marker associated with paraphilic rape-proneness. Freund (1990) has argued that exhibitionism may be the "hub" of courtship disorder because exposing one's genitals to a stranger is rare in control subjects. We predicted that rapists who also engaged in exhibitionistic activity would be more likely than other rapists to also engage in other expressions of courtship disorder, i.e., voyeurism and frotteurism. To rule out the possibility that rapists who report exhibitionistic activity only differ in their willingness to report anomalous sexual behavior, we also predicted no difference between the groups in their self-reported involvement in other paraphilic activities such as sadism or masochism, or paraphilic target preferences such as fetishism or transvestism. Finally, we predicted no difference between groups in their willingness to admit to attempting or committing rape. The results supported our predictions, and lend credence to the notion of preferential rape as an expression of courtship disorder. Moreover, these results suggest that the presence of another paraphilia, particularly exhibitionism, may be useful as a behavioral marker for paraphilic rape-proneness.