Prediction of Flooding in Packed Liquid-Liquid and High-Pressure Extraction Columns Using a Gaussian Process

Reliable prediction of flooding conditions is needed for sizing and operating packed extraction columns. Due to the complex interplay of physicochemical properties, operational parameters and the packing-specific properties, it is challenging to develop accurate semi-empirical or rigorous models with a high validity range. State of the art models may therefore fail to predict flooding accurately. To overcome this problem, a data-driven model based on Gaussian processes is developed to predict flooding for packed liquid-liquid and high-pressure extraction columns. The optimized Gaussian process for the liquid-liquid extraction column results in an average absolute relative error (AARE) of 15.23 %, whereas the algorithm for the high-pressure extraction column results in an AARE of 13.68 %. Both algorithms can predict flooding curves for different packing geometries and chemical systems precisely.     

On the issue of trend and noise in the estimation of extreme rainfall properties.

Up until today extreme rainfall properties are frequently applied in sewer design guidelines. Uncertainty in the estimation of such properties will hence directly influence the dimensions of sewers, structures and pumps. In this paper the issue of potential trend and noise in the estimation is investigated for 6 rain series ranging from 19 to 55 years in duration. Different to recent research that predicts a climate induced-increase in heavy precipitation no clear indication for such trend was found in the investigated historical rain series. Another important aspect is the length of the rain series that is required for the estimation of extreme rainfall properties and the associated uncertainty. The analysis indicates that at least a period of 10 years should be used for the estimation. But even so the possible deviation expressed in terms of the 90 percentile is in the order of 5 to 10% of the 'true value', defined as the value derived when the whole given series is used for the estimation.     

On the effect of spatial variances in historical rainfall time series to CSO performance evaluation.

Historical, high-resolution rain series are the backbone of modern combined sewer overflow (CSO) structure design. These rain series are the input to the computational estimation of the performance of the measures with respect to CSO pollution abatement. However, those historical precipitation measurements are available at only a few locations. Frequently rain series have to be used from gauging stations at a significant distance. In order to judge and to compensate for this influence an estimate between rain characteristics and combined sewer outflow (CSO) performance indicators would be useful. In this paper such correlations have been sought for a collection of 37 rain series covering large areas of Europe. It was found that the mean annual rain volume can explain most of the variances for the performance indicators Number of overflows and CSO volume. For explaining the spatial differences in the efficiency of the CSO structure another rain characteristic, i.e. the maximum event with a return period of one year, is to be used.     

Investigation of the action of flame retardants in cellulose. I. Investigation of the flame retardant action of 2,2′-oxybis(5,5-dimethyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane-2,2′-disulfide) in cellulose

Pyrolysis experiments were performed in high vacuum and under reduced air pressure (100 Pa). The volatile products of pure cellulose and cellulose containing various amounts of flame retardant 2,2′-oxybis (5,5-dimethyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane-2,2′-disulfide), i.e., Sandoflam 5060 of Sandoz AG, were studied by means of gas chromatography in combination with mass spectroscopy. The volatile products were characterized with infrared spectroscopy. The studied revealed that the incorporation of the flame retardant enhanced the water release and shifted the onset of this reaction to lower temperature. On the basis of these findings an explanation for the mechanism of flame retardancy in generated cellulose fibers modified with this particular flame retardant is attempted. From experiments with different residual air pressure the influence of oxygen on the primary processes of the pyrolytic degradation of cellulose is being discussed.     

Influence of Reaction Parameters on the Hydrogenolysis of Hydroxymatairesinol Over Carbon Nanofibre Supported Palladium Catalysts

The density functional theory (DFT/B3LYP) calculations were applied to investigate the interaction of a Pt₆ particle with the ZSM-5 zeolite framework. The electronic structure of the metal particle is strongly affected by the interaction with basic framework oxygens and acid sites of the zeolite support. Adsorption on basic sites (E_ads = 6 kcal/mol) favors the formation of the electron enriched metal cluster. Interaction of the platinum cluster with the acid site characterized by stabilization energy of 47 kcal/mol results in oxidation of the metal particle and suppression of Brønsted acidity of the support. The hypothesis is put forward that the oxidized platinum particle can function as an active site for the alkane isomerisation on platinum supported high silica zeolites.     

Pruning Algorithms for Rule Learning

Pre-pruning and Post-pruning are two standard techniques for handling noise in decision tree learning. Pre-pruning deals with noise during learning, while post-pruning addresses this problem after an overfitting theory has been learned. We first review several adaptations of pre- and post-pruning techniques for separate-and-conquer rule learning algorithms and discuss some fundamental problems. The primary goal of this paper is to show how to solve these problems with two new algorithms that combine and integrate pre- and post-pruning.     

The value of long tendons in design of tunnel layout and support

A project was initiated from hypotheses that the use of longer and different types of tendon support could lead to improved control of tunnel deformation in changing stress fields. An extensive literature study was conducted. Subsequently a tunnel was supported with various lengths and types of cable tendons. The tunnel was subjected to mining-induced stress changes. Tunnel deformations were measured using instrumentation. Results from the literature study and tunnel deformation measurements indicated within context that: (1) long tendons or other support systems cannot substitute for good tunnel layout; (2) long tendons effect a retain-and-hold function while shorter tendons strengthen and reinforce highly fractured tunnel walls; (3) larger boreholes or weakergrout reduce support system stiffness; (4) cable tendons have high shear resistance and debonding tendency; (5) long tendons are beneficial in sidewalls but not the hangingwall, (6) long tendons induce a more stable sidewall deformation distribution; (7) the updip sidewall deformed less than downdip; (8) more deformation occurred with stress decrease than with stress increase.     

In-situ-Messung der Stickoxidkonzentration in turbulenten Diffusionsflammen

Zusammenfassung Die laserspektroskopischen Me?methoden laserinduzierte Fluoreszenz und spontane Ramanspektroskopie werden eingesetzt zur Messung der Konzentrationen von Stickoxid, Hydroxyl sowie der chemischen Hauptkomponenten und der Temperatur. Betrachtet wird die thermische Umsetzung von Wasserstoff mit Luftsauerstoff. Es wird die experimentelle Vorgehensweise und Problematik dargestellt. Ebenso wird der Weg der Modellierung und Berechnung turbulenter Verbrennungsvorg?nge am konkreten Beispiel skizziert. Die Annahme chemischen Gleichgewichts stellt sich als ungenügend in der Berechnung der Stickoxid- und Hydroxylkonzentrationen heraus. Eine deutlich bessere Vorhersage wird durch Einführen einer Reaktionsfortschrittsvariablen für das chemische Modell erreicht.     

Gain-coupled DFB lasers with a titanium surface Bragg grating

The improved performance of gain-coupled DFB lasers incorporating a titanium surface Bragg grating and a strained layer multiquantum well active region for operation at 1.55 μm is presented. Besides the essentially simplified fabrication process, the incorporation of the metallic, absorptive grating yields stable singlemode operation with a high sidemode suppression