Threshold and growth mechanism of fatigue cracks under mode II and III loadings

ABSTRACT The fatigue crack growth behaviour of 0.47% carbon steel was studied under mode II and III loadings. Mode II fatigue crack growth tests were carried out using specially designed double cantilever (DC) type specimens in order to measure the mode II threshold stress intensity factor range, ΔK_IIth. The relationship ΔK_IIth > ΔK_Ith caused crack branching from mode II to I after a crack reached the mode II threshold. Torsion fatigue tests on circumferentially cracked specimens were carried out to study the mechanisms of both mode III crack growth and of the formation of the factory‐roof crack surface morphology. A change in microstructure occurred at a crack tip during crack growth in both mode II and mode III shear cracks. It is presumed that the crack growth mechanisms in mode II and in mode III are essentially the same. Detailed fractographic investigation showed that factory‐roofs were formed by crack branching into mode I. Crack branching started from small semi‐elliptical cracks nucleated by shear at the tip of the original circumferential crack.     

EFFECTS OF VISCOSITY OF LIQUID FOODS ON PALATAL PRESSURE

The deglutition of non-Newtonian liquids introduced into the mouth was studied dynamically by measuring palatal pressure (P) with pressure transducers set at three locations on the palate. The value of P and the swallowing pressure (S) changed only from 100 to 200 g/cm² over the viscosity range 10⁻² to 10¹ Pa.s. The retaining time (T) and work (W), required for swallowing after the liquid entered the mouth, remained almost constant up to a critical value of 1.0 Pa.s. above which both T and W increased markedly. When the viscosity was low, all of the liquid was swallowed in one deglutition, up to 15 mL volume. Therefore, T was almost constant but S increased with the volume. When the viscosity was high, the liquid was swallowed in several smaller portions. When the volume was high, T increased and S was either constant or it decreased.     

Decomposition of Mullite by Silica Volatilization

Thermal decomposition of mullite into corundum was investigated using a high-temperature X-ray single-crystal camera equipped with a gas-flame furnace and by scanning electron microscopy and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). When heated to ∼1750°C, mullite decomposed to corundum by the liberation of the SiO₂ component with topotaxial relations of:

• (1) 

  (310)_mull∥(001)_cor; [001]_mull∥[110]_cor
• (2) 

  (130)_mull∥(001)_cor; [001]_mull∥[110]_cor
• (3) 

  (110)_mull∥(001)_cor; [001]_mull∥[110]_cor

Thus, it was considered that, when mullite decomposed into corundum, their oxygen close-packed planes were almost preserved. The SEM photographs showed that the crystals of the developed corundum are prismatic and ∼5 μm wide. The EPMA showed that the phase boundary between mullite and developed corundum is discontinuous.     

Fe-Cr-Mn奥氏体合金的辐照体胀与诱起晶界偏析行为的研究SCIEI

本文采用电子束辐照,研究了Fe-15Cr-xMn合金以及添加W,V合金的孔洞体胀和诱起晶界偏析行为,并对包含晶界在内的辐照区进行成分分析。结果表明,在Fe-Cr-Mn系合金中孔洞体胀孕育期可以被强烈抑制,晶界偏析也减少。特别是,合金中添加W,V效果更加明显。用Mn代替Ni,通常要发生体胀和相的不稳定性,由于反Kirkendall效应导致Ni和Mn的扩散行为不同,使Fe富集在尾闾处,局部地区形成铁素体,有利于减少体胀和晶界偏析。     

展望21世纪新技术革命中的传感器

在回顾了以往产业革命中传感器的作用 ,比较工程传感器与人的感官的异同点之后 ,阐述了预计将于 2 1世纪爆发的新产业革命中传感器的使命及发展趋势     

双束强辐照对氧化物弥散强化铁素体型合金强化相稳定性影响

采用双束复合辐照装置,研究了He存在条件下,强辐照对长期时效后的ODS合金中强化相(Y2O3)的稳定性和辐照损伤特征的影响。实验结果表明:双束强辐照下,ODS合金中强化相不稳定,发生聚集长大并造成附近基体中Ti、Y浓度增高,导致空洞尺寸和空洞肿胀增加,并对这一结果从理论上进行解释。     

Iron Loss Analysis of Permanent Magnet Motors Fed by PWM Inverter

Carrier harmonic losses that consist of iron loss, eddy current loss, and ac copper loss are produced in a permanent magnet machine driven by a PWM inverter. It is already known that a higher motor inductance can lead to lower carrier harmonic losses. This paper investigates the carrier harmonic loss composition of two motors with identical dimensions but different inductances. The results of finite element analysis (FEA) showed that the eddy current loss in the iron core accounts for most of the carrier harmonic loss. It is also shown that the carrier harmonic loss of the iron core is quantifiable using theoretical calculations.     

The Influence Analysis that a Phase Characteristic of the High‐Level Earthquake Gives to Vibration Response Characteristic of the 550‐kV Disconnectors

We developed the 550‐kV disconnectors that strengthened earthquake proofing by the addition of the damper unit and weight reduction of conductive part based on the damage of the 550‐kV disconnectors by the Great East Japan earthquake (March 11, 2011) and inspected the earthquake proofing performance by shake table test. In shake table test, we performed the test by the artificial seismic wave that varied in phase characteristic in addition to the test by resonance method. And, in a high‐level earthquake area, we analyzed it about the influence that a phase characteristic of the artificial seismic wave gave to stress to occur in disconnectors. As a result, it is thought that the stress to occur in disconnectors is decided by a primary natural frequency basically because a bending strain to occur to the disconnectors in the time when the resonance frequency ingredient becomes the big acceleration response value grows big. But, on a particular phase condition, it was confirmed that the bending strain to occur in disconnectors might grow big conspicuously. As for this, the possibility is thought about by influence of higher natural frequency doing superposition.     

污水处理排放水对小流量河流水体生态的影响

针对日本国鬼怒河流域小流量河流,通过对河床上附着生物膜的组成、底栖生物、细菌活性分析和AGP试验,研究了污水厂二级处理排放水对小流量河流生态的影响.研究表明,当污水厂二级处理排放水占河流流量比例较大时(研究河流所占比例为35%),同样会引发河流富营养化和影响河流水体的生态.因此,从保护水环境及其生态考虑,有必要对污水进行深度处理.     

植物分离蛋白对卵巢切除大鼠血脂代谢的影响

目的:研究大米分离蛋白和大豆分离蛋白对因雌性激素缺乏引起的高胆固醇血症的影响.方法:将24只Wistar成年雌鼠随机分为4组.3组大鼠进行双侧卵巢切除手术,分别喂食添加20%酪蛋白(对照组)、大米分离蛋白或大豆分离蛋白的饲料.另1组进行卵巢伪切除手术,喂食添加20%酪蛋白的对照饲料,喂养4周后解剖,测定血清和肝脏中胆固醇、甘油三酯浓度以及粪中胆汁酸排泄量和蛋白表观消化率等指标.结果:卵巢切除明显增加成年雌鼠血清和肝脏中胆固醇和甘油三酯浓度.与酪蛋白组相比,饲料中添加大豆分离蛋白能显著降低卵巢切除大鼠血浆总胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白及胆固醇浓度(p＜0.05),但对血浆甘油三酯浓度无显著影响,同时明显降低肝重、肝脏中总脂、总胆固醇、游离胆固醇及甘油三酯总量,以及增加排粪量和胆汁酸排泄量,大豆分离蛋白表观消化率也明显比酪蛋白和大米分离蛋白高.大米分离蛋白对血脂没有明显降低效果,但肝脏总脂、总胆固醇、游离胆固醇和甘油三酯浓度明显低于酪蛋白饲料组,而排粪量、粪中胆汁酸排泄量和蛋白表观消化率则与酪蛋白组无显著差异.结论:抗消化蛋白对因雌性激素缺乏引起的高胆固醇血症有明显降低效果,可能的作用机制是由于该蛋白的低消化性干扰,肠道中胆汁酸代谢,增加粪中胆汁酸的排泄量来降低肝脏和血浆中胆固醇浓度.