Over the past decade, numerous studies have attempted to enhance the effectiveness of radiotherapy (external beam radiotherapy and internal radioisotope therapy) for cancer treatment. However, the low radiation absorption coefficient and radiation resistance of tumors remain major critical challenges for radiotherapy in the clinic. With the development of nanomedicine, nanomaterials in combination with radiotherapy offer the possibility to improve the efficiency of radiotherapy in tumors. Nanomaterials act not only as radiosensitizers to enhance radiation energy, but also as nanocarriers to deliver therapeutic units in combating radiation resistance. In this review, we discuss opportunities for a synergistic cancer therapy by combining radiotherapy based on nanomaterials designed for chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, gas therapy, genetic therapy, and immunotherapy. We highlight how nanomaterials can be utilized to amplify antitumor radiation responses and describe cooperative enhancement interactions among these synergistic therapies. Moreover, the potential challenges and future prospects of radio-based nanomedicine to maximize their synergistic efficiency for cancer treatment are identified.
Context: The administration of pharmabiotics is a promising alternative to antimicrobial drugs for the treatment and/or prevention of female urogenital infections.Objective: To design pharmabiotic formulations including bioactive ingredients of microbial origin combined with non-microbial substances and then to evaluate the stability of the combinations during freeze-drying and storage.Materials and methods: Different formulations including Lactobacillus gasseri CRL 1263, Lactobacillus salivarius CRL 1328, salivaricin CRL 1328 (a bacteriocin) and non-microbial compounds (lactose, inulin and ascorbic acid) were assayed, and the ingredients were freeze-dried together or separately. The formulations were stored in gelatin capsules at 4?°C for 360?d.Results: The viability of lactobacilli was affected to different extents depending on the strains and on the formulations assayed. L. salivarius and ascorbic acid were successfully combined only after the freeze-drying process. Salivaricin activity was not detected in formulations containing L. gasseri. However, when combined with ascorbic acid, lactose, inulin or L. salivarius, the bacteriocin maintained its activity for 360?d. The selected microorganisms proved to be compatible for their inclusion in multi-strain formulations together with lactose, inulin and ascorbic acid. Salivaricin could be included only in a L. salivarius CRL 1328 single-strain formulation together with non-microbial substances.Conclusions: This study provides new insights into the design of urogenital pharmabiotics combining beneficial lactobacilli, salivaricin CRL 1328 and compounds with different functionalities. 相似文献
It has been well known that the greening of Allium sativum cloves could be formed after immersed in acetic acid solution. Nonetheless, no investigation was reported on colour development of A. sativum in response to acetic acid vapour until now. In this study, the brief exposure of A. sativum to acetic acid vapour (200–400 ppm) was combined with controlled atmosphere (5%, 20% and 80% CO2) packaging storage to break cell membrane and green garlic. The garlic bulbs were fumigated with acetic acid before controlled CO2 atmosphere packaging for 25 days at 4 °C. Fumigation with 200 ppm acetic acid followed by high CO2 atmosphere packaging (80% CO2) facilitated the garlic greening. It was also verified that γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase was involved in garlic greening in present study, and the compromise of glacial acetic acid vapour fumigation and CO2 gas atmosphere in package stored at low temperature could result in garlic greening as well. 相似文献
Uplink scheduling in wireless systems is gaining importance due to arising uplink intensive data services (ftp, image uploads
etc.), which could be hampered by the currently in-built asymmetry in favor of the downlink. In this work, we propose and
study algorithms for efficient uplink packet-data scheduling in a CDMA cell. The algorithms attempt to maximize system throughput
under transmit power limitations on the mobiles assuming instantaneous knowledge of user queues and channels. However no channel
statistics or traffic characterization is necessary. Apart from increasing throughput, the algorithms also improve fairness
of service among users, hence reducing chances of buffer overflows for poorly located users.
The major observation arising from our analysis is that it is advantageous on the uplink to schedule “strong” users one-at-a-time,
and “weak” users in larger groups. This contrasts with the downlink where one-at-a-time transmission for all users has shown
to be the preferred mode in much previous work. Based on the optimal schedules, we propose less complex and more practical
approximate methods, both of which offer significant performance improvement compared to one-at-a-time transmission, and the
widely acclaimed Proportional Fair (PF) algorithm, in simulations. When queue content cannot be fed back, we propose a simple modification of PF, Uplink PF (UPF), that offers similar improvement.
Hereafter, we refer to users with low recieved power at the base even when transmitting at peak transmit power as “weak” users,
and the strongly recieved users at the base as “strong” users.
Krishnan Kumaran is currently a member of the Complex Systems Modeling section in the Corporate Strategic Research of ExxonMobil Corp., Clinton,
NJ. Formerly, he was a Member of Technical Staff in the Mathematics of Networks and Systems Research Department at Bell Labs
in Murray Hill, NJ, where his research interests were in modeling, analysis and simulation of design, resource management
and scheduling issues in telecommunication networks.
Lijun Qian is an assistant professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering at Prairie View A&M University. He received his B.S.
from Tsinghua University in Beijing, M.S. from Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, and Ph.D. from WINLAB, Rutgers University,
all in electrical engineering. Before joining PVAMU, he was a researcher at Networks and Systems Research Department of Bell
Labs in Murray Hill, NJ. His major research interests are in wireless communications and networking technologies, especially
in radio resource management, protocol design, TCP/RLP optimization and MPLS traffic engineering. 相似文献
This letter presents a numerical dispersion relation for the two-dimensional (2-D) finite-difference time-domain method based on the alternating-direction implicit time-marching scheme (2-D ADI-FDTD). The proposed analytical relation for 2-D ADI-FDTD is compared with those relations in the previous works. Through numerical tests, the dispersion equation of this work was shown as correct one for 2-D ADI-FDTD. 相似文献