Mayonnaise production in batch and continuous process exploiting magnetohydrodynamic force

Mayonnaise currently is produced using high shear stirrers. Here we present a new production method using a magnetic emulsification device. According to the new method a stable oil-in-water emulsion is formed by pumping the two immiscible liquids through a magnetohydrodynamic dispersion device consisting of a Venturi provided with an orthogonal permanent magnetic field. As a proof of concept, magnetically emulsified highly viscous mayonnaise was produced in a batch process and in a continuous process. The viscosity of the mayonnaise was significantly enhanced by applying the magnetic field. The oil droplet size distribution of mayonnaise produced using the magnetic emulsification method was similar to mayonnaise produced with conventional high shear mixers. In contrast to conventional processes no fast moving mixers were needed in this new mayonnaise production scheme.     

Infection dynamics across the dry period using Dairy Herd Improvement somatic cell count data and its effect on cow performance in the subsequent lactation

In this study, we studied infection dynamics across the dry period using test-day somatic cell count (SCC) data from 739 Holstein cows from 33 randomly selected commercial dairy herds in Flanders, all of which applied blanket dry-cow therapy at dry-off. First, we determined infection dynamics, combining the last test-day SCC before dry-off and the first test-day SCC after calving. Next, we determined the effect of dry period infection dynamics, adjusting for the level of the second test-day SCC after calving, on the evolution of test-day SCC and milk yield (MY) and on clinical mastitis and culling hazard in the subsequent lactation. Using an SCC threshold of 200,000 cells/mL, 12.6% of the cows considered healthy before dry-off acquired a new intramammary infection (IMI) across the dry period, whereas 66.9% of the cows considered infected before dry-off cured from IMI. Infection dynamics across the dry period significantly affect a cow's SCC, clinical mastitis risk, and culling hazard in the subsequent lactation. Cows with a new IMI, a cured IMI, or a chronic IMI across the dry period had higher test-day SCC than healthy cows, and their test-day SCC evolved differently over time. This was not the case for test-day milk yield, for which no association with infection dynamics was detected. Furthermore, cows with a second test-day SCC <200,000 cells/mL had a lower test-day SCC in the remainder of the lactation than cows with a second test-day SCC ≥200,000 cells/mL, but this association was modified by infection dynamics across the dry period. The lowest test-day SCC in the remainder of the lactation was observed for cows that remained healthy across the dry period combined with a low (<200,000 cells/mL) second test-day SCC. Cows that cured from an IMI present at dry-off and cows with a chronic IMI across the dry period were more likely to develop clinical mastitis (hazard ratio = 2.22 and 2.89; 95% confidence interval = 1.45–3.43 and 1.60–5.20, respectively), and chronic IMI cows were more likely to be culled (hazard ratio = 3.68; 95% confidence interval = 1.64–8.20) in the subsequent lactation compared with healthy cows. This was not true for cows that became infected across the dry period. This study underlines the importance of good udder health management during lactation to prevent IMI at dry-off rather than curing infected cows during the dry period to ensure optimal udder health in the subsequent lactation.     

The Effect of Frequency Sweeping and Fluid Flow on Particle Trajectories in Ultrasonic Standing Waves

Particle concentration and separation in ultrasonic standing waves through the action of the acoustic radiation force on suspended particles are discussed. The acoustic radiation force is a function of the density and compressibility of the fluid and the suspended particles. A two-dimensional theoretical model is developed for particle trajectory calculations. An electroacoustic model is used to predict the acoustic field in a resonator, driven by a piezoelectric transducer. Second, the results of the linear acoustic model are used to calculate the acoustic radiation force acting on a particle suspended in the resonator. Third, a particle trajectory model is developed that integrates the equation of motion of a particle subjected to a buoyancy force, a fluid drag force, and the acoustic radiation force. Computational fluid dynamics calculations are performed to calculate the velocity field that is subsequently used to calculate fluid drag. For a fixed frequency excitation, the particles are concentrated along the stable node locations of the acoustic radiation force. Through a periodic sweeping of the excitation frequency particle translation is achieved. Two types of frequency sweeps are considered, a ramp approach and a step-change method. Numerical results of particle trajectory calculations are presented for two configurations of flow-through resonators and for two types of frequency sweeping. It is shown that most effective particle separation occurs when the fluid drag force is orthogonal to the acoustic radiation force.     

Evaluation of test-day milk somatic cell count information to predict intramammary infection with major pathogens in dairy cattle at drying off

The objectives of this study were (1) to determine the test characteristics and predictive values of cow-level milk somatic cell count (SCC) information from (multiple) test-day recordings before drying off to identify major-pathogen-infected cows at drying off; and (2) to explore to what extent (an estimate of) the herd prevalence of subclinical mastitis, milk yield level, and parity of the cows affects the estimates. In total, 550 cows from 15 commercial dairy herds with overall good udder health management were dried-off during a study period of 6 mo. Test-day SCC were available through milk recording and within 5 d before drying off cows were sampled for quarter-level bacteriological culturing serving as the gold standard. Sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated at different threshold values of SCC, ranging between 50,000 and 500,000 cells/mL, to detect major-pathogen-infected cows. At a commonly used threshold of 200,000 cells/mL, the Se and Sp of (a combination of) test-day SCC before drying off ranged between 37.6 and 57.6% and between 66.7 and 79.3%, respectively. Still, estimates were modified by the herd level prevalence of subclinical mastitis and the cow's milk yield and parity. For instance, at the 200,000 cells/mL threshold using the geometric mean SCC of the 3 last test-days, the overall Se, Sp, PPV, and NPV were 37.6, 79.3, 30.8, and 83.9%, respectively, whereas these were 27.8, 87.5, 21.7, and 90.6%, respectively, for heifers and 40.3, 73.5, 33.3, and 78.9%, respectively, for multiparous cows. In conclusion, test-day SCC records obtained via milk recording are reliable to detect dairy cows at drying off that are not infected with major pathogens as determined by bacteriological culture and could eventually facilitate implementation of selective dry cow therapy in commercial dairy herds. Because estimates of the herd-level prevalence of subclinical mastitis, milk yield level, and parity of the cows affect the estimates of the test characteristics and predictive values to some extent, one should consider taking these parameters into account when differentiating infected from uninfected cows based on SCC data.