Dosimetry of clinical neutron and proton beams: an overview of recommendations

Neutron therapy beams are obtained by accelerating protons or deuterons on Beryllium. These neutron therapy beams present comparable dosimetric characteristics as those for photon beams obtained with linear accelerators; for instance, the penetration of a p(65)+Be neutron beam is comparable with the penetration of an 8 MV photon beam. In order to be competitive with conventional photon beam therapy, the dosimetric characteristics of the neutron beam should therefore not deviate too much from the photon beam characteristics. This paper presents a brief summary of the neutron beams used in radiotherapy. The dosimetry of the clinical neutron beams is described. Finally, recent and future developments in the field of physics for neutron therapy is mentioned. In the last two decades, a considerable number of centres have established radiotherapy treatment facilities using proton beams with energies between 50 and 250 MeV. Clinical applications require a relatively uniform dose to be delivered to the volume to be treated, and for this purpose the proton beam has to be spread out, both laterally and in depth. The technique is called 'beam modulation' and creates a region of high dose uniformity referred to as the 'spread-out Bragg peak'. Meanwhile, reference dosimetry in these beams had to catch up with photon and electron beams for which a much longer tradition of dosimetry exists. Proton beam dosimetry can be performed using different types of dosemeters, such as calorimeters, Faraday cups, track detectors and ionisation chambers. National standard dosimetry laboratories will, however, not provide a standard for the dosimetry of proton beams. To achieve uniformity on an international level, the use of an ionisation chamber should be considered. This paper reviews and summarises the basic principles and recommendations for the absorbed dose determination in a proton beam, utilising ionisation chambers calibrated in terms of absorbed dose to water. These recommendations are based on the recent IAEA TRS398 Code of Practice: 'Absorbed Dose Determination in External Beam Radiotherapy: An International Code of Practice for Dosimetry based on Standards of Absorbed Dose to Water'.     

LD泵浦Cr4+,Nd3+:YAG自调Q腔内倍频激光器研究

Cr4 ，Nd3 ：YAG晶体的激光特性得到了系统研究．在LD泵浦下，Cr4 ，Nd3 ：YAG晶体获得了1.064μm的自调Q激光输出．激光平均输出功率达到3．36W，脉宽65ns，重复频率87kHz，光-光效率为15．3％．加入KTP晶体后实现了自调Q腔内倍频，获得了532nm的绿色脉冲激光输出，平均功率达到1W，脉宽210ns，重复频率47kHz，光-光效率为6％．对自调Q激光及其腔内倍频发现的现象进行了讨论．     

Reference dosimetry measurements for the international intercomparison of criticality accident dosimetry SILENE 9-21 June 2002

An international intercomparison of criticality accident dosimetry systems took place in the SILENE reactor, in June 2002. Participants from 60 laboratories irradiated their dosemeters (physical and biological) using two different configurations of the reactor. In preparation for this intercomparison, the leakage radiation fields were characterised by spectrometry and dosimetry measurements using the ROSPEC spectrometer associated with a NE-213 scintillator, ionisation chambers, GM counters, diodes and thermoluminescence dosemeters (TLDs). For this intercomparison, a large area was required to irradiate the dosemeters both in free air and on phantoms. Therefore, measurements of the uniformity of the field were performed with activation detectors and TLDs for neutron and gammas, respectively. This paper describes the procedures used and the results obtained.     

改善局放试验的探讨

在高压断路器局放试验中，为抑制干扰，采用了在电源进线端和高压输出端加装滤波装置的措施，有效地抑制了来自试验系统供电网和试验变压器局放的干扰信号，改善了断路器的局放试验条件。     

上海光源及其在金属材料领域中的应用

扼要介绍了威力强大的第三代同步辐射装置——上海光源的主要特性、构造,第一期工程完成的七条X射线光束线站的主要性能指标、功能及适用领域,以及一些用通常实验室设备无法进行的在金属材料领域中的应用实例等。