Selection of a network of large lakes and reservoirs suitable for global environmental change analysis using Earth Observation

The GloboLakes project, a global observatory of lake responses to environmental change, aims to exploit current satellite missions and long remote-sensing archives to synoptically study multiple lake ecosystems, assess their current condition, reconstruct past trends to system trajectories, and assess lake sensitivity to multiple drivers of change. Here we describe the selection protocol for including lakes in the global observatory based upon remote-sensing techniques and an initial pool of the largest 3721 lakes and reservoirs in the world, as listed in the Global Lakes and Wetlands Database. An 18-year-long archive of satellite data was used to create spatial and temporal filters for the identification of waterbodies that are appropriate for remote-sensing methods. Further criteria were applied and tested to ensure the candidate sites span a wide range of ecological settings and characteristics; a total 960 lakes, lagoons, and reservoirs were selected. The methodology proposed here is applicable to new generation satellites, such as the European Space Agency Sentinel-series.     

Ferrimagnetic resonance and low temperature transition in Ni- and Co-substituted powder magnetite

The effects of nickel and cobalt substitution on ferrimagnetic resonance in high-purity magnetite powder have been investigated. The low-temperature transition temperature and damping parameter, , are found to decrease with increasing solute additions. The linewidth, H, varies in proportion to the anisotropy field of the ferrites, narrowing with increasing nickel content but broadening with increasing cobalt content. Theg factor increases with the dopant concentration, passing through a maximum around room temperature. Decreasing the deviation from stoichiometry by appropriate annealing decreases the transition temperature shift but slightly increases H, g and .     

The control function of management

The control function of management can be a critical determinant of organizational success. Most authors discuss control only through feedback and adjustment processes. This article takes a broader perspective on control and discusses the following questions: What is good control? Why are controls needed? How can good control be achieved? If multiple control strategies are feasible, how should the choice among them be made?     

Remote Measurement of Eye Direction Allowing Subject Motion Over One Cubic Foot of Space

The remote oculometer is a new instrument for the remote measurement of eye direction and pupil diameter. The electrooptical sensor unit is located several feet from the subject, who is free to move the eye being sensed throughout 1 ft3 of space. The video processing is performed in real time by a standard minicomputer. The oculometer processor (minicomputer) provides automatic calibration and linearization to each subject and can, supply the output eye-direction information in the form of either fixation-point coordinates on any specified fixation plane, azimuth and elevation, or direction cosines.The oculometer measures line-of-sight to an accuracy of 1° for eye rotation angles, relative to the sensor unit, of from 0° to + 30° elevation and from -30 ° to + 30 ° azimuth.     

The use of the Wien filter to eliminate object slit scattering in MeV ion nanobeam systems

One of the fundamental limitations in the performance of MeV ion microbeam focusing systems is the effect of ion scattering at the edges of the object aperture. As the aperture is reduced in the search for smaller spot sizes, the fraction of scattered to unscattered beam increases. The scattered beam contains lower energy particles which can be transmitted through the system to create a halo of over-focused particles surrounding the final image. Removal of this halo is critical to achieving small spot sizes, especially in single ion applications.In this paper, we discuss the use of a Wien filter (crossed magnetic and electrostatic fields) to deflect the reduced energy scattered particles and ensure that only ions with the correct energy are accepted into the lens. This paper reviews the beam optics of Wien filter systems and presents calculations of the parameters required to obtain useful energy dispersion.     

AN INTERPRETIVE LOOK AT 20TH CENTURY RESEARCH ON MODELING OF MACHINING

Modeling of machining has evolved through three main stages over the years, namely empirical modeling, science-based (predictive) modeling, and computer-based modeling. All three of these now co-exist and synergize each other. Empirical modeling can be said to have had its beginning as an organized process in the late 1890s to early 1900s. Science-based modeling began to emerge in the 1940s and computer-based modeling in the 1970s. Each of these three stages was ushered in by a key event. The first originated with F. W. Taylor's pioneering engineering research and development of empirical methodology (and equations) for estimating reasonably economic machining conditions. The second stage was initiated largely by Merchant's physics-based modeling and analysis of the basic force system acting between the cutting tool, chip, and workpiece in a machining process. The third (and major) stage was the “watershed” event of the advent of digital computer technology and its application to manufacturing in general. This enabled integration of computer-based modeling with all of the databases of the full system of manufacturing. Today the synergistic combination of these three stages faces a significant challenge arising from the growing need for machine tools to be able to autonomously avoid or even correct processing errors or failures in process. Basic to advancement of such capability is to effect a continuing increase of the accuracy and realism of machining process models.     

World trends of importance to intelligent robotic CIM systems

The reduction to practice of the concept of computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) has moved painfully slowly in the more than 20 years since it came into being. However, within the past five years a very important world trend has emerged, namely a major commitment on the part of industry toward realistic and substantial accomplishment, in practice, of full computer-based integration of the overall system of manufacturing. With the emergence of the goal of accomplishing fully robotic operation of the technological system of manufacturing, and of the concept of the intelligent manufacturing system, the overall trend has now become one toward realization, in practice, of the computer-integrated intelligent robotic manufacturing system. That trend has generated important corollary trends which fall into two main categories, namely, enabling technologies for integration of the system of manufacturing and enabling technologies for imparting artificial intelligence to that system, both of which are required for accomplishing fully robotic operation of the technological system of manufacturing.