Synthesis of Heterocycle-Containing [60]Fullerene Derivatives. II.1 Recent Progress in [4 2]- and [3 2]-Cycloaddition Routes

Recent progress of synthesis of C₆₀ derivatives functionalized with hetero-cycles is reviewed, focusing attention on [4+2]- and [3+2] cycloaddition methodologies and oxidative heterocyclization.     

Basic fibroblast growth factor as one of the essential factors regulating lens transdifferentiation of pigmented epithelial cells

In vitro transdifferentiation of retinal pigmented epithelial cells of the chick embryo into lens cells can be markedly enhanced by culture in the presence of testicular hyaluronidase and phenylthiourea. Since the commercial preparations of hyaluronidase that had previously been used were very crude, a search for the actual effective molecule(s) enhancing lens transdifferentiation was conducted. First, we purified the enzyme and tested the effect of the purified hyaluronidase. Highly purified hyaluronidase itself did not enhance lens transdifferentiation. The crude hyaluronidase was then separated according to affinity with heparin, considering the possibility that the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) is contained in the crude hyaluronidase. Transdifferentiation-enhancing activity was detected in the fraction which was bound to heparin and eluted with 2 M NaCl, where no hyaluronate-degrading activity existed. Analysis of the fraction by SDS-PAGE revealed the existence of an 18 kDa protein whose NH2-terminal sequence was identical to that of basic FGF. The basic FGF derived from bovine brain also enhanced lens transdifferentiation of pigmented epithelial cells. These findings suggest that basic FGF must play a major role in enhancing transdifferentiation of pigmented epithelial cells to lens cells.     

An effect of microstructure on the interface resistance between a perovskite-type oxide electrode and yttria-stabilized zirconia

The electrode characteristics of perovskite-type oxides, La_0.6Sr_0.4CoO₃ and La_0.6Sr_0.4MnO₃, on ceria-based oxide and stabilized zirconia were analysed by the a.c. impedance method. The ionic conductivities of the electrolyte and electrode conductivities from the a.c. impedance analysis agreed with those obtained from the current interruption and d.c. four-probe methods. Two semicircles from the charge transfer and diffusion processes appeared as the electrode resistance. The relative contribution of these two processes to the overall electrode resistance strongly depended on the microstructure of the electrode. The electrode microstructure could be controlled by the dispersion medium used for the electrode slurry. The La_0.6Sr_0.4MnO₃ electrode coated with n-butyl acetate slurry exhibited the smallest electrode resistance.     

Development of a high‐resolution RGBW flexible display using a white organic light‐emitting diode with microcavity structure and that of a side‐roll touch panel

In this study, white organic electroluminescent devices with microcavity structures were developed. A flexible high‐resolution active‐matrix organic light‐emitting diode display with low power consumption using red, green, blue, and white sub‐pixels formed by a color‐filter method was fabricated. In addition, a side‐roll touch display was developed in combination with a capacitive flexible touch screen.     

Promotion of hydrogen permeation on metal-dispersed alumina membranes and its application to a membrane reactor for methane steam reforming

A mesoporous membrane for selective separation of hydrogen was prepared usingthe sol-gel method. Some metal salts such as RuCl₃, Pd(NH₃)₄Cl₂, RhCl₃,, and H ₂PtCl₆, were added to the boehmite sol and coated on a porous alumina substrate before firing at 500°C. It was foundthat the permeability of hydrogen and the separation factor for a hydrogen-nitrogen gaseous mixture of these metaldispersed membranes exceeded the limitations of the Knudsen diffusion mechanism. Although the gas permeation through a neat alumina membrane is governed by the Knudsen diffusion, the metals dispersed in alumina membranes were effective in promoting hydrogen permeation. These metaldispersed alumina membranes were also used in a membrane reactor for methane steam reforming at low temperature. In the temperature range of 300 to 500°C, the membrane reactor attained a methane conversion twice as high as the equilibrium value of the packed bed catalytic reactor system as a result of the selective removal of hydrogen from the reaction system.     

High-power hybrid plasma spraying of large yttria-stabilized zirconia powder

To testify to the advantage of large ceramic powder spraying, numerical simulations and experimental studies on the behavior of large yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) powder in a high-power hybrid plasma spraying process have been carried out. Numeric predictions and experimental results showed that, with the high radio frequency (RF) input power of 100 kW, the most refractory YSZ powder with particle sizes as large as 88 μm could be fully melted and well-flattened splats could be formed. A large degree of flattening (ξ) of 4.7 has been achieved. The improved adhesive strength between the large splat and the substrate was confirmed based on the measurement of the crack density inside of the splats. A thick YSZ coating >300 μm was successfully deposited on a large CoNiCrAlY-coated Inconel substrate (50×50×4 mm in size). The ultradense microstructure without clear boundaries between the splats and the clean and crack-free interface between the top-coat and the bond-coat also indicate the good adhesion. These results showed that highpower hybrid plasma spraying of large ceramic powder is a very promising process for deposition of highquality coatings, especially in the application of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs).     

Repeatedly foldable AMOLED display

In this study, a 5.9‐inch foldable active‐matrix organic light emitting diode (AMOLED) display was developed. A folding test was performed repeatedly. The display survived the folding test (100,000 folds) with a curvature radius of 2 mm. To protect an organic light emitting diode (OLED) against moisture, inorganic passivation layers are provided on the upper and lower sides of the flexible display. Using our transfer technology, high density passivation layers can be obtained. The measured water vapor transmission rate of the layer is 7 × 10^?6 g/m²?day or less, which improves OLED reliability. With these techniques, we have developed a book‐type display, which is repeatedly foldable like a book, and a tri‐fold display including a display area, which is foldable in three.