Capacitated Clustering Problems by Hybrid Simulated Annealing and Tabu Search

The capacitated clustering problem (CCP) is the problem in which a given set of weighted objects is to be partitioned into clusters so that the total weight of objects in each cluster is less than a given value (cluster ‘capacity’). The objective is to minimize the total scatter of objects from the ‘centre’ of the cluster to which they have been allocated. A simple constructive heuristic, a R-interchange generation mechanism, a hybrid simulated annealing (SA) and tabu search (TS) algorithm which has computationally desirable features using a new non-monotonic cooling schedule, are developed. A classification of the existing SA cooling schedules is presented. The effects on the final solution quality of the initial solutions, the cooling schedule parameters and the neighbourhood search strategies are investigated. Computational results on randomly generated problems with size ranging from 50 to 100 customers indicate that the hybrid SA/TS algorithm out-performs previous simulated annealing algorithms, a simple tabu search and local descent algorithms.     

Automatically performing weak mutation with the aid of symbolic execution,concolic testing and search-based testing

Automating software testing activities can increase the quality and drastically decrease the cost of software development. Toward this direction, various automated test data generation tools have been developed. The majority of existing tools aim at structural testing, while a quite limited number aim at a higher level of testing thoroughness such as mutation. In this paper, an attempt toward automating the generation of mutation-based test cases by utilizing existing automated tools is proposed. This is achieved by reducing the killing mutants’ problem into a covering branches one. To this extent, this paper is motivated by the use of state of the art techniques and tools suitable for covering program branches when performing mutation. Tools and techniques such as symbolic execution, concolic execution, and evolutionary testing can be easily adopted toward automating the test input generation activity for the weak mutation testing criterion by simply utilizing a special form of the mutant schemata technique. The propositions made in this paper integrate three automated tools in order to illustrate and examine the method’s feasibility and effectiveness. The obtained results, based on a set of Java program units, indicate the applicability and effectiveness of the suggested technique. The results advocate that the proposed approach is able to guide existing automating tools in producing test cases according to the weak mutation testing criterion. Additionally, experimental results with the proposed mutation testing regime show that weak mutation is able to speedup the mutant execution time by at least 4.79 times when compared with strong mutation.     

Microstructure and transport properties of porous building materials

To successfully predict the performance of building materials exposed to a degradative environment, transport properties must be either measured or estimated. The development of relationships between microstructure and transport properties for these materials should allow accurate prediction of the latter and an increased understanding of how microstructure influences transport. Here, two microstructural characterization techniques, mercury intrusion porosimetry and scanning electron microscopy, are combined with computer modelling techniques to compute the vapor diffusivity and air permeability of three building materials commonly exposed in building facades, two types of brick and a natural sandstone. In general, the computed values compare favorably to those measured experimentally, thus demonstrating the capability of employing microstructural characterization to predict transport properties.

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Résumé Pour obtenir une prédiction fiable des performances des matériaux de construction exposés à un environnement agressif, leurs propriétés de transport doivent être soit mesurées soit estimées. Le développement de relations entre la microstructure et les propriétés de transport devrait permettre une prédiction exacte de ces dernières et une meilleure compréhension de l’influence de la microstructure sur le transfert. Dans cet article, deux techniques de caractérisation de la microstructure (porosimétrie au mercure et microscopie électronique à balayage) sont combinées avec des techniques de simulation par ordinateur pour calculer la diffusivité à la vapeur d’eau et la perméabilité à l’air de trois matériaux de construction traditionnellement utilisés en facades: deux types de brique et un grès naturel. En général, les valeurs calculées sont proches de celles mesurées expérimentalement. Ces résultats démontrent les possibilités des outils de caractérisation de la structure pour prédire les propriétés de transport.

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Editorial note: Mr. Daniel Quenard is a RILEM Senior Member and a member of TC 123-MME on the Use of Microstructural Models and Expert systems for Cemenitious Materials. He and Mr. K. Xu work at the CSTB (Centre Scientifique et Technique du Batiment), France, a RILEM Titular Member. Mr. Dale P. Bentz is a RILEM Senior Member and participates in the work of TC 159-ETC (Engineering of the Interfacial Transition Zone in Cementitious Composites). He and Mr. Nicos Martys work at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), USA, a RILEM Titular Member.     

Hydrogen-diesel fuel co-combustion strategies in light duty and heavy duty CI engines

The co-combustion of diesel fuel with H₂ presents a promising route to reduce the adverse effects of diesel engine exhaust pollutants on the environment and human health. This paper presents the results of H₂-diesel co-combustion experiments carried out on two different research facilities, a light duty and a heavy duty diesel engine. For both engines, H₂ was supplied to the engine intake manifold and aspirated with the intake air. H₂ concentrations of up to 20% vol/vol and 8% vol/vol were tested in the light duty and heavy duty engines respectively. Exhaust gas circulation (EGR) was also utilised for some of the tests to control exhaust NO_x emissions.The results showed NO_x emissions increase with increasing H₂ in the case of the light duty engine, however, in contrast, for the heavy duty engine NO_x emissions were stable/reduced slightly with H₂, attributable to lower in-cylinder gas temperatures during diffusion-controlled combustion. CO and particulate emissions were observed to reduce as the intake H₂ was increased. For the light duty, H₂ was observed to auto-ignite intermittently before diesel fuel injection had started, when the intake H₂ concentration was 20% vol/vol. A similar effect was observed in the heavy duty engine at just over 8% H₂ concentration.     

Behaviorally measured refractory periods are lengthened by reducing electrode tip exposure or raising current.

Measured the effects of current and tip surface area on stimulation parameters required to produce a constant rate of self-stimulation of lateral hypothalamic sites or of circling when stimulating medial brain stem sites. Data from 20 male Wistar rats show that thresholds for circling decreased when tip surface area was decreased to 0.01 mm–2. Refractory period curves for both circling and self-stimulation were shifted to slightly longer intrapair intervals when tip surface area was decreased or current was increased. This suggests that long refractory period axons make larger contributions when current density is increased. Chronaxies were not lengthened by small tip exposures but were reduced when electrodes were placed far lateral to the circling substrate. Threshold differences between axons stimulated by different tip exposures and currents are discussed. (31 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)