Characteristic Anthocyanin Pattern from Onions and other Allium spp

Three red onion (Allium cepa) cultivars, top onion (A. cepa var. vivi-parum), A. altaicum and chive (A. schoenoprasum) contained several or all of the following anthocyanins: 3-(6′-malonyl-3′-glucosylglucoside), 3-(3′,6′-dimalonylglucoside), 3-(6′-malonylglucoside), 3-(3′-malonyl-glucoside), 3-(3′-glucosylglucoside) and 3-glucoside of cyanidin. Trace amounts of two pelargonidin derivatives and the 3,5-diglucosides of cyanidin and peonidin were for the first time reported in red onion. Carbon NMR data showed that the sugars of the 3-(6′-malonyl-3′-glu-cosylglucoside), 3-(6′-malonylglucoside) and 3-glucoside of cyanidin were pyranoses. Substitution either by sugar or acid in the sugar 3-position of an anthocyanin has never been reported outside the genus Allium.     

ENERGY USE IN TOMATO PASTE EVAPORATION

The energy consumption of several tomato paste evaporators was monitored to provide baseline data for equipment selection or modification. Daily average performance data are given for single, double and triple effect evaporators. Average daily steam economies for the single effect evaporator ranged from 0.74 to 1.02 and averaged 0.84 compared to a theoretical average of 0.95. Two similar double effect evaporators had average daily steam economies which ranged from 0.79 to 2.03. The average daily steam economy measured was 1.45 while the theoretical average was 1.91. The average daily steam economies for the three triple effect evaporators ranged from 1.66 to 3.06.     

DESIGN OF CANTILEVER PROBES FOR ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY (AFM)

A cantilever beam used in an Atomic Force Microscope is optimized with respect to two different objectives. The first goal is to maximize the first eigenfrequency while keeping the stiffness of the probe constant. The second goal is to maximize the tip angle of the first eigenmode while again keeping the stiffness constant. The resulting design of the beam from the latter optimization gives almost the same result as when maximizing the first eigenfrequency. Adding a restriction on the second eigenfrequency result in a significant change of the optimal design. The beam is modelled with 12 DOF beam finite elements and the optimizations are carried through with either SLP (Sequential Linear Programming) or MM A (Method of Moving Asymptotes) and similar results are obtained.     

ULTRASONICS IN EVALUATING RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF DOUGH FROM DIFFERENT WHEAT VARIETIES AND DURING AGEING

The utility of low-frequency ultrasonics in evaluating the viscoelastic properties of dough from different biscuit wheat flour qualities was studied. No distinct correlation was found between the ultrasonic characteristic (ultrasound velocity, v) and the rheological characteristics storage modulus, G' (r=0.43), or loss modulus, G" (r=0.61), when a constant amount of water was added to the dough. Fairly high correlations were obtained between the ultrasound velocity, v, and the rheological measurements G' (r=0.93), G" (r=0.92) and the phase angle G' (r=0.81) with variable addition of water, corresponding to the water absorption capacity of the dough. It was not possible to distinguish between hard and soft endosperm biscuit wheat varieties using ultrasonic measurements, whether with a constant or a variable amount of water added. A high negative correlation was obtained between ultrasonic measurements and the amount of water added to the dough (r = -0.94), indicating that the amount of water added affected the ultrasonic measurements more significantly than differences in dough structure and rheological properties. The effect of ageing on the ultrasonic characteristics of dough samples was also studied. The ultrasound velocity, v, and storage modulus, G', increased during 40 min ageing. A high correlation obtained between ultrasound velocity, v, and the storage modulus, G' (r=0.97), indicates that ultrasonics may be a valid method of process control of rheological properties during the manufacture of dough.     

Optimally sensitive control for distributed parameter systems†

The objective of this paper is the extension of optimally sensitive control techniques to distributed parameter systems. In particular, these adaptive control techniques are applied to distributed systems in which either the initial states or a vector of constant plant parameters are unknown. The result is the synthesis of a feedback control structure that adapts the nominal open-loop control in such a manner as to compensate for the errors introduced by model uncertainties. This requires defining the sensitivity matrices and deriving a set of distributed equations whose solution yields the requisite sensitivity matrices.     

BREAKDOWN OF LARGE PROTEOGLYCANS IN BOVINE INTRAMUSCULAR CONNECTNE TISSUE EARLY POSTMORTEM

In the present study, a decomposition of intramuscular connective tissue in beef early postmortem was demonstrated by comparing samples from M. longissimus dorsi (LO) collected immediately after slaughter and after 24 h and 48 h storage by histological and biochemical methods. The histological study showed a widening of the endomysial sheaths after storage. For fiactionation of proteoglycans, extraction in 4M guanidine-HCl added protease inhibitors, CsCl, gradient ultracentrifugation and gel chromatography were used. Gel chromatography demonstrated that the proteoglycan preparation was broken into fragments of lower molecular weight. Cellulose acetate electrophoresis and dot blot analysis identified the components involved as hyaluronic acid (HA) and a large proteoglycan (PGL) immunologically related to aggrecan from sclera. SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) confirmed depolymerization of the high molecular weight components, and a large component of molecular weight above 220 KDa with glycosaminoglycan (GAG) staining properties was not visible in the gel after storage.     

Structured system models Part 3. An application to feedback compensator design

The controllability and observability indices are studied and applied to the feedback compensator design. The compensator design method uses polynomial matrices as system models. As the main result, a new algorithm is introduced for the construction of a first candidate for the feedback compensator. A new algorithm is also given for constructing a state-space model from polynomial matrix models. Such a realization is needed if there is originally only a polynomial matrix model for the system.