Remote sensing technique for mapping salt affected soils

The salt affected soils of Etah, Aligarh, Mainpuri and Mathura districts have been mapped into S1: < 10 per cent of the area covered by salts, S2: 10–30 per cent, S3: 30–50 per cent, S4: 50–75 per cent and S5: > 75 per cent using an integrated approach of image interpretation. The dull white tone of salt affected and sandy soils have posed problems in their discrimination, on TM false colour composite, however, the problem of spectral similarity was solved through integration of interpretation of thermal data (10.4–12.5μm) with TM FCC (bands 2, 3, 4) interpretation. The discrimination of salt affected soils was significantly better on data between March and first week of April because of maximum contrast. Out of l-75m ha of the total geographical area, the salt affected soils account for 11–8 per cent. Another 16–2 per cent is likely to be affected with this problem if similar degraded conditions prevail there. The values of pH: 8–7 and ECe: 1–3 dsm^-1 of S1 soils group them into non saline and mildly alkali class. Similarly low ECe: 4–4dSm^-1 and high pH: 9–8 for S3 soils and high ECe: 24–0 dsm^-1 and very high pH: 10–7 of S4/S5 soils, placed the soils into alkali and sodic classes respectively. The gypsum requirement based on pH values varies from 1 to 15 tha^-1.     

Modification of tempeh with the addition of bakla (Vicia faba Linn)

Bakla ( Vicia faba Linn), an indigenous pulse, was subjected to fermentation by the strains of Rhizopus oligosporus either alone or blended with soybean ( Glycine max ). Mycelial growth as viewed on the surface of the fermented mass was best obtained when strain NRRL 3271 was used. Increase in moisture content and pH during fermentation was highest in the case of strain NRRL 2710 irrespective of composition of bakla-soybean mixture. The tempeh, the fermented product, in each case had a mushroom-like odour, which was independent of the strain used. Bakla and bakla-soybean (up to 1:1 ratio) tempeh was free of beany flavour but this flavour increased as the soybean content of the blend was further raised and was perceptibly high when soybean content reached 75%. Bakla tempeh was more crisp than soybean tempeh. The crispness decreased with increasing soybean content.     

Dynamic contribution of variable-speed wind energy conversion system in system frequency regulation

Frequency regulation in a generation mix having large wind power penetration is a critical issue, as wind units isolate from the grid during disturbances with advanced power electronics controllers and reduce equivalent system inertia. Thus, it is important that wind turbines also contribute to system frequency control. This paper examines the dynamic contribution of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind turbine in system frequency regulation. The modified inertial support scheme is proposed which helps the DFIG to provide the short term transient active power support to the grid during transients and arrests the fall in frequency. The frequency deviation is considered by the controller to provide the inertial control. An additional reference power output is used which helps the DFIG to release kinetic energy stored in rotating masses of the turbine. The optimal speed control parameters have been used for the DFIG to increases its participation in frequency control. The simulations carried out in a two-area interconnected power system demonstrate the contribution of the DFIG in load frequency control.     

Role of Ion Beam Irradiation and Annealing Effect on the Deposition of AlON Nanolayers by Using Plasma Focus Device

AlON nanolayers are synthesized on Al substrate by the irradiation of energetic nitrogen ions using plasma focusing. Samples are exposed to multiple （5, 10, 15, 20 and 25） focus shots. Ion energy and ion number density range from 80 keV to 1.4 MeV and 5.6×10^19 m^- 3 to 1.3×10^19 m ^-3, respectively. Moreover, the effect of continuous annealing （473 K and 523 K） on an AlN surface layer synthesized with 25 focus shots is also examined. The main features of the X-ray diffraction （XRD） patterns with increasing focus shots are： （i） variation in the crystallinity of AlN along （111）, （200） and （311） planes, （ii） increasing average crystallite size of AlN （111） plane, and （iii） stress relaxation observed in AlN （111） and （200） planes. The crystallinity of AlN surface layer is comparatively better at 473 K annealing temperature. A broadened diffraction peak related to an aluminium oxide phase showing weak crystallinity is observed for 15 focus shots while non-bounded oxides are present in all other deposited layers. Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FTIR） analysis confirm the presence of AlN and Al203 for the surface layer annealed at 473 K temperature. Raman analysis shows that the overlapping of AlN and Al2Oa results in the development of residual stresses. Scanning electron microscope （SEM） results demonstrate that the formation of rounded grains （range from 20 nm to 200 nm） and variations in their microstructures features depend on the increasing number of focus shots. Decomposition of larger clusters into smaller ones is observed.     

Optimization of process parameters for the development of a cheese analogue from pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) and soy milk using response surface methodology

Response surface methodology was used to optimize starter culture concentration (3–7%), pigeon pea–soy solids ratio (1 : 0.3–1 : 1.1), pigeon pea–water ratio (1 : 12–1 : 9), incubation temperature (37–45C) and coagulation temperature (75–95C) in the development of a cheese analogue from pigeon pea and soy milk. Pigeon pea milk and soy milk were prepared by a hot water grinding method, followed by filtration and inoculation. Cheese analogue was obtained through coagulation of the fermented milk by boiling for 15 min, followed by filtration using double-layered muslin cloth and pressing at 1 kg/cm ² pressure for 1 h. The results showed that the total solids recovery (TSR), protein content, fat content and pH varied from 51.09–62.61%, 40.04–55.93%, 9.35–15.36% and 4.48–4.9, respectively, depending on the experimental conditions. The optimum conditions of process parameters for maximum total solids recovery were 6.0% starter culture concentration, 1 : 0.4 pigeon pea–soy solids ratio, 1 : 11 pigeon pea–water ratio, 40.5C incubation temperature and 88.5C coagulation temperature.     

A METHOD FOR TRACING PV CURVE FOR VOLTAGE STABILITY ANALYSIS WITH VOLTAGE DEPENDENT LOADS

ABSTRACT

A new method for construction of PV-curve has been developed using one of the load bus voltage as a parameter. This regularizes the power flow solution around maximum loading point. In conventional load flow solution it is observed that main cause of numerical instability is that the load is specified at each node directly, so that the singular point occurs at maximum loading point. It is important that, instead of specifying the load externally, to be obtained as a solution of the power flow equation. The size of modified Jacobian is the same as of the conventional load flow Jacobian. The method is capable of handling Q- limits on PV - buses. Loads have been assumed to be voltage dependent. PV- curves have been traced with and without voltage dependent loads. The results of applying the proposed technique to two test systems verify its roubstness and feasibility.     

Remote sensing and river migration in Western India

Abstract

The art of remote sensing has opened up many vistas in the study of river migration as satellite photographs, both in their normal and digitally enhanced modes, vividly show the rivers and their migratory signatures. The rivers migrate for various reasons amongst which tectonic movement is one of the main causes. In the present study an attempt has been made to exhibit the paleochannel network of the rivers of Western India and integrate them with lineament fabric, so as to understand the Quaternary tectonics of the region. The study has shown that Western India shows considerable signs of Quaternary tectonics.     

Synthesis of copper telluride nanowires using template-based electrodeposition method as chemical sensor

Copper telluride (CuTe) nanowires were synthesized electrochemically from aqueous acidic solution of copper (II) sulphate (CuSO₄·5H₂O) and tellurium oxide (TeO₂) on a copper substrate by template-assisted electrodeposition method. The electrodeposition was conducted at 30 °C and the length of nanowires was controlled by adjusting deposition time. Structural characteristics were examined using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope which confirm the formation of CuTe nanowires. Investigation for chemical sensing was carried out using air and chloroform, acetone, ethanol, glycerol, distilled water as liquids having dielectric constants 1, 4·81, 8·93, 21, 24· 55, 42·5 and 80·1, respectively. The results unequivocally prove that copper telluride nanowires can be fabricated as chemical sensors with enhanced sensitivity and reliability.