GRAIN SORGHUM WAX AS AN EDIBLE COATING FOR GELATIN-BASED CANDIES1

Gelatin-based candies were coated with medium chain triglyceride (MCT) oil or MCT oil combined with grain sorghum or carnauba wax (8.7% w/w of oil). Compared with uncoated samples, oil/sorghum wax and oil/carnauba wax coatings were equally effective in reducing protein solubility of candies in water (25C) and differences between initial and final diameters of candies subjected to melting. At 0, 5, and 10 days of storage (over calcium sulfate), the candies were evaluated by sensory panelists for surface reflection, pink color, clarity, chalkiness, firmness, adhesiveness, chewiness, cohesiveness, sweetness, sourness, fruit flavor, off-flavor, and aftertaste. Firmness, adhesiveness, chewiness, cohesiveness, and sourness scores increased (P<0.05) linearly with storage time. Samples treated with sorghum or carnauba wax were less shiny, more opaque, chalkier, and had more intense off-flavor and aftertaste than uncoated samples. Samples treated with the laboratory-extracted sorghum wax rated lower than carnauba wax-treated samples for surface reflection, clarity, chalkiness, off-flavor, and aftertaste.     

Leakage of Anthocyanins from Skin of Thawed, Frozen Highbush Blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.)

Factors affecting the tendency of thawed blueberries to leak pigmented exudate were investigated. Drip and anthocyanin leakage rates (ALR) were determined spectrophotometrically. Leakage vs time curves were linear or two-phase linear, ALR varying with cultivar, ripeness, and berry condition. Dewaxing increased ALR with most cultivars. ALR did not correlate with berry anthocyanin content, surface area, or cuticle thickness. ALR and amount of drip were poorly correlated. ALR varied from berry-to-berry within samples. Leakage was observed to be nonuniform on berry surfaces, appearing at skin cracks and ruptures, the calyx area, and other point sources. An hypothesis relating leakage to skin condition, fluid accumulation, and anthocyanin content is presented.     

消费电子进化十大趋势

当说到与我们的数字生活方式相关的产品、服务开发、市场突破和商业机会时，我心中的十大趋势是非常难以取舍的。     

SHIFTING TO STATE BLOCK GRANTS: THE PRIORITIES OF URBAN MINORITIES

This research examines a number of hypotheses expressed by civil rights leaders in the Southwestern states regarding the predicted effects of slate implementation of the nine block grants authorized by the Omnibus Budget and Reconciliation Act of 1981. It is based on the testimony of 121 speakers at two successive public block grant hearings conducted by the State of Texas in Houston in 1982 and 1983. The speakers are classified by race, affiliation, and programmatic preferences. The research is also based on financial and regulatory data tracking shifts in state spending and distributional rules between Fy 82 and Fy 84. The results show that most of the fears of the civil rights leaders were not realized. Minority participation at public hearings increased, rather than decreased. State funding priorities did not change significantly, nor did allocation decision rules shift in emphasis from redistribution to equalization. “Brutal political struggles” between groups competing for funds (especially blacks and Hispanics) did not materialize. However, the potential for such struggles remains strong. The findings reveal significant black-Hispanic differences with regard to programmatic priorities and perceptions of the “fairness” of the current distributional system. The paper concludes with a call for new stale-based theories of block grant agenda setting and government responsiveness in centralized versus decentralized systems. It predicts that such reexaminations will yield new theories regarding the formation and stability of racial and ethnic coalitions in state politics.     

EXPLAINING THE ADOPTION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES IN THE UNITED STATES

Using a large national sample of U.S. cities the authors create an environmental policy index to explore the factors that explain the adoption and implementation of environmental policies at the local level. Using univariate, bivariate, and multivariate methods, these data indicate that cities with higher populations, more highly educated citizens, higher percentages of Hispanic residents, located in the West (and more specifically California), and that are central cities are more likely to engage in environmental policies. Furthermore, this article finds evidence of differences in engagement based upon the subarea of environmental protection examined.     

GUAR AND LOCUST BEAN GUMS AS PARTIAL REPLACERS OF ALL-PURPOSE FLOUR IN BREAD: AN OBJECTIVE AND SENSORY EVALUATION

All purpose flour was partially replaced with locust bean (LBG) and guar gums at 0% (control), 2% and 4% replacement levels in a bread product. All bread treatments were evaluated objectively and subjectively. Two percent LBG replacement significantly increased standing height. Firmness of bread was significantly firmer. Crumb color was not significantly different for any of the 5 bread treatments. Crust color was not significantly different for any of the 5 bread treatments. Crust color, however, was significantly lighter for the control in comparison with the 2% and 4% guar and 4% LBG breads. Two percent guar produced a more even cell size distribution throughout the bread crumb. For all 5 bread formulations moistures were not significantly different. Sensory evaluation revealed a significant difference between the control and 4% LBG. Neither the control nor 4% LBG breads were not significantly preferred. Both gums were found to retard bread staling; 2% LBG was the most effective.     

Corrosion of Lead Glasses in Acid Media: I, Leaching Kinetics

The leaching kinetics of lead glasses (25 to 35 mol% PbO-75 to 65 mol% SiO₂; some with K₂O and A1₂O₃, additions) were determined in 10% acetic acid. Except for a ternary glass (SiO₂-PbO-K₂O) which had a linear dependence on time, all compositions exhibited a linear dependence on the square root of time for the amount of Pb and K removed. Increasing the SiO₂: PbO ratio or the Al₂O₃ content improved the durability whereas adding K₂O to a binary PbO-Si0₂ glass greatly increased the corrosion rate. Activation energies for the rates of Pb and K removal were determined for three compositions and it was deduced that the diffusion of H⁺ controlled the leaching for binary and 4-component glasses whereas dissolution of the silica network was rate-controlling for the ternary.     

INHIBITION OF LISTERIA INNOCUA AND L. MONOCYTOGENES IN A LABORATORY MEDIUM AND COLD-SMOKED SALMON CONTAINING LIQUID SMOKE

Five commercial liquid smokes were tested in vitro and the most inhibitory to Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19115 and L. innocua ATCC 33090 was Charsol Supreme. Chum salmon samples (100-g each) were brined, dipped for 15 s at varying concentrations of liquid smoke, inoculated with L. innocua, cold-processed and analyzed. Liquid smoke concentrations of 60–100% reduced L. innocua by 3-log₁₀/g in the final product. Dwell times of 15 s to 5 min using 60% liquid smoke gradually decreased Listeria survival with an optimum 5-min dip. Isoeugenol was antilisterial in vitro but lacked synergism with liquid smoke in cold-smoked salmon. An immunoassay kit detected low inoculum levels (< 100 CFU/g) of L. innocua in one of three samples that were treated with liquid smoke for two and four minutes. Charsol Supreme was antilisterial but could not be relied on to totally eliminate Listeria in cold-smoked salmon. Panelists found the 0 to 2-min dipped sockeye salmon slightly desirable with no significant (p < 0.05) differences. The 5-min treatment was significantly (p < 0.05) darker, scored lower in desirability and flavor and contained 93 ppm of phenolic compounds.