ResearchGate and Google Scholar: how much do they differ in publications,citations and different metrics and why?

ResearchGate has emerged as a popular professional network for scientists and researchers in a very short span. Similar to Google Scholar, the ResearchGate indexing uses an automatic crawling algorithm that extracts bibliographic data, citations, and other information about scholarly articles from various sources. However, it has been observed that the two platforms often show different publication and citation data for the same institutions, journals, and authors. While several previous studies analysed different aspects of ResearchGate and Google Scholar, the quantum of differences in publications, citations, and metrics between the two and the probable reasons for the same are not explored much. This article, therefore, attempts to bridge this research gap by analysing and measuring the differences in publications, citations, and different metrics of the two platforms for a large data set of highly cited authors. The results indicate that there are significantly high differences in publications and citations for the same authors captured by the two platforms, with Google Scholar having higher counts for a vast majority of the cases. The different metrics computed by the two platforms also differ in their values, showing different degrees of correlation. The coverage policy, indexing errors, author attribution mechanism, and strategy to deal with predatory publishing are found to be the main probable reasons for the differences in the two platforms.

     

Fermi–Bose Correspondence and Bose–Einstein Condensation in the Two-Dimensional Ideal Gas

The ideal uniform two-dimensional (2D) Fermi and Bose gases are considered both in the thermodynamic limit and the finite case. We derive May's Theorem, viz. the correspondence between the internal energies of the Fermi and Bose gases in the thermodynamic limit. This results in both gases having the same heat capacity. However, as we shall show, the thermodynamic limit is never truly reached in two dimensions and so it is essential to consider finite-size effects. We show in an elementary manner that for the finite 2D Bose gas, a pseudo-Bose–Einstein condensate forms at low temperatures, incompatible with May's Theorem. The two gases now have different heat capacities, dependent on the system size and tending to the same expression in the thermodynamic limit.     

Structural Studies of TeO2–SeO2–Na2O Glass System

Glass Physics and Chemistry - The growth of nanocrystalization in TeO2–SeO2–Na2O glasses is achieved by the conventional heat treatment method. The influence of Na2O concentration on...     

Grafting of a liquid crystal polymer on carbon fibers

Covalent grafting of mesogenic chains on carbon fiber surfaces was attempted as part of a study on composite materials containing liquid crystal polymer matrices. Grafting in these composite systems is viewed not only as a mechanism to achieve interfacial bonding but also as an approach to modify the interphase physical structure. The synthetic approach to grafting involved the in-situ polymerization of monomers in the presence of functionalized fibers in order to grow chains covalently attached to the fibers. The chemical mechanism may be viewed as the “transesterification of car boxy lated fibers” with acetylated monomers. The monomers used were pimelic acid, p-acetoxybenzoic acid and diacetoxy hydroquinone which are known to yield upon condensation a chemically aperiodic nematic polymer. Evidence for grafting was obtained from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis on fibers retrieved from composite samples. Interestingly, SEM micrographs of fractured composite specimens containing the mesogen-grafted fibers reveal excellent wetting and interfacial bonding of a liquid crystalline matrix on the carbon surfaces. Based on theoretical considerations for end-adsorbed macromolecules and the nematogenic nature of the grafted chains we infer that dense layers of adsorbed polymer may form at the interfaces studied. From a materials point of view the in situ growth of liquid crystal polymer chains on fibers may offer mechanisms to control composite properties through both bonding and molecular orientation in interfacial regions.     

Color Subspaces as Photometric Invariants

Complex reflectance phenomena such as specular reflections confound many vision problems since they produce image ‘features’ that do not correspond directly to intrinsic surface properties such as shape and spectral reflectance. A common approach to mitigate these effects is to explore functions of an image that are invariant to these photometric events. In this paper we describe a class of such invariants that result from exploiting color information in images of dichromatic surfaces. These invariants are derived from illuminant-dependent ‘subspaces’ of RGB color space, and they enable the application of Lambertian-based vision techniques to a broad class of specular, non-Lambertian scenes. Using implementations of recent algorithms taken from the literature, we demonstrate the practical utility of these invariants for a wide variety of applications, including stereo, shape from shading, photometric stereo, material-based segmentation, and motion estimation.     

Automata for Epistemic Temporal Logic with Synchronous Communication

We suggest that developing automata theoretic foundations is relevant for knowledge theory, so that we study not only what is known by agents, but also the mechanisms by which such knowledge is arrived at. We define a class of epistemic automata, in which agents’ local states are annotated with abstract knowledge assertions about others. These are finite state agents who communicate synchronously with each other and information exchange is ‘perfect’. We show that the class of recognizable languages has good closure properties, leading to a Kleene-type theorem using what we call regular knowledge expressions. These automata model distributed causal knowledge in the following way: each agent in the system has a partial knowledge of the temporal evolution of the system, and every time agents synchronize, they update each other’s knowledge, resulting in a more up-to-date view of the system state. Hence we show that these automata can be used to solve the satisfiability problem for a natural epistemic temporal logic for local properties. Finally, we characterize the class of languages recognized by epistemic automata as the regular consistent languages studied in concurrency theory.     

Mechanochemically assisted room temperature solid state metathesis reaction for the synthesis of MMoO4 (M = Ca, Sr and Ba)

This communication reports a novel mechanochemically assisted room temperature solid state metathesis reaction for the synthesis of submicron-size alkaline-earth molybdates crystallizing in a tetragonal Scheelite structure. The solids were characterized by powder XRD, FTIR, TGA, DTA, SEM, EDAX and TEM to ascertain their composition, phase homogeneity and morphology.     

Alginate-Coated Alginate-Polyethyleneimine Beads for Prolonged Release of Furosemide in Simulated Intestinal Fluid

Furosemide-loaded calcium alginate (ALG), calcium alginate-polyethyleneimine (ALG-PEI) and alginate-coated ALG-PEI (ALG-PEI-ALG) beads were prepared by ionotropic/polyelectrolyte complexation method to achieve controlled release of the drug. Effects of several formulation factors on the characteristics of the beads were investigated. Although variation in formulation factors did not influence the drug-loading efficiency (DLE) of ALG beads, rapid release of the drug in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) could not be prevented. PEI treatment of ALG beads, however, prolonged the drug release considerably. Ionic interaction, as appeared from FTIR studies, between alginate and PEI led to the formation of polyelectrolyte complex membrane, the thickness of which was dependent on the conditions of PEI treatment as demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The membrane acted as a physical barrier to drug release from ALG-PEI beads. Alginate coating of ALG-PEI beads further prolonged the release of the drug by increasing membrane thickness and reducing swelling of the beads possibly by blocking the surface pores. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) study indicated that drug was not degraded by PEI treatment. The release data from ALG-PEI beads showed a good fit in power law expression, whereas the release data from ALG-PEI-ALG beads were found to fit in modified power law expression, and the mechanism of drug release changed from super case II transport to nearly Fickian transport, depending on the degree of gelation and formation of polyelectrolyte complex membrane.     

Influence of isovalent ion substitution on the electrochemical performance of LiCoPO4

LiCo_1−xM_xPO₄ (M = Mg²⁺, Mn²⁺ and Ni²⁺; 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.2) compounds have been synthesized by solid-state reaction method and studied as cathode materials for secondary lithium batteries. LiCoPO₄ exhibits a discharge plateau at ∼4.7 V with an initial discharge capacity of 125 mAh/g and on cycling capacity falls. Substitution of Co²⁺ with Mg²⁺/Mn²⁺/Ni²⁺ in LiCoPO₄ has an influence on the initial discharge capacity and on cycling behaviour. The capacity retention of LiCoPO₄ is improved by manganese substitution. Among the manganese substituted phases, LiCo_0.95Mn_0.05PO₄ shows good reversible capacity of ∼50 mAh/g.