Estonian urbanism 1935–1955: the Soviet-era implementation of pre-war ambitions

Estonian 1940s–1950s town planning practices show that Stalinist principles were in line with those of Estonian architects during the 1930s pre-war, independence period. However, between 1944 and 1955, within the context of the Soviet regime’s occupation, urban planning was faced with rigid ideological constraints. After the Second World War, Estonian architects were forced to abandon projects in historical city centres, which focused on maintaining local natural conditions and cultural heritage, as well as using local materials. Some existing town centres, such as in Tallinn, Narva, and Pärnu, were reconstructed after suffering damage in the war, as well as for ideological reasons. Yet, during this time period, most efforts were directed towards building new industrial towns in East Estonia that exemplified a Stalinist utopia; this also presented the Soviet regime with an opportunity to exploit local mineral resources.     

Welfare reform and spatial matchingbetween clients and jobs

The recent Welfare Reform Act requires several categories of public assistance recipients to transition to the work force. In most metropolitan areas public assistance clients reside great distances from areas of entry-level jobs. Any program designed to provide access to these jobs, for those previously on public aid, needs relevant transportation services when the job search process begins. Therefore it is essential that the latent demand for commuting among public aid clients be assessed in developing public transportation services. The location of entry-level jobs must also be known or, as in this article, estimated using numerous data sources. This article reports on such a demand estimation effort, focusing primarily on the use of Regional Science methods. Received: 5 January 1998 / Accepted: 25 November 1998     

Ultrastructural studies on the endogenous development of Eimeria brunetti

The schizonts of Eimeria brunetti were studied in the epithelial cells of the small intestine of infected chickens. The morphology of the host/parasite relationship was typical of that reported for other Eimeria spp. The initial dedifferentiation of the infecting organism generally occurred within the parasite cytoplasm but it was also observed that cytoplasm containing organelles could be budded off into the parasitophorous vacuole. Development into the schizont was accompanied by cytoplasmic growth and nuclear division. During nuclear division an eccentrically located nuclear spindle was present. Merozoite formation was initiated just below the limiting membrane of the schizont and was associated with the final nuclear division. The merozoites developed as protrusions from the schizont surface and merozoite organelles developed within these cytoplasmic projections. From this early stage, the developing merozoite grew and matured and the fully formed merozoites were found attached to a small residual mass of schizont cytoplasm. The 1st generation schizont is the only one which can be separately characterized. It differs from those of subsequent generations in a) possessing a refractile body, b) being larger and producing a larger number of merozoites, c) possessing invaginations of the limiting membrane, and d) the intra vacuolar folds of its parasitophorous vacuole are more extensive.     

A Spatial Employment and Economic Development model

This paper describes a powerful yet user-friendly large-scale model for urban and regional economic development planning, which is under development at the University of Illinois at Chicago. The procedure, called the Spatial Employment and Economic Development (SEED) procedure, currently gives a variety of labor-shed information. It can also provide the means to evaluate job-training and transportation system improvements.An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 11th Pacific Regional Science Conference, Singapore, July 1989.     

FusionMLS: Highly dynamic 3D reconstruction with consumer-grade RGB-D cameras

Computational Visual Media - Multi-view dynamic three-dimensional reconstruction has typically required the use of custom shutter-synchronized camera rigs in order to capture scenes containing...     

Code churn estimation using organisational and code metrics: An experimental comparison

Context

Source code revision control systems contain vast amounts of data that can be exploited for various purposes. For example, the data can be used as a base for estimating future code maintenance effort in order to plan software maintenance activities. Previous work has extensively studied the use of metrics extracted from object-oriented source code to estimate future coding effort. In comparison, the use of other types of metrics for this purpose has received significantly less attention.

Objective

This paper applies machine learning techniques to unveil predictors of yearly cumulative code churn of software projects on the basis of metrics extracted from revision control systems.

Method

The study is based on a collection of object-oriented code metrics, XML code metrics, and organisational metrics. Several models are constructed with different subsets of these metrics. The predictive power of these models is analysed based on a dataset extracted from eight open-source projects.

Results

The study shows that a code churn estimation model built purely with organisational metrics is superior to one built purely with code metrics. However, a combined model provides the highest predictive power.

Conclusion

The results suggest that code metrics in general, and XML metrics in particular, are complementary to organisational metrics for the purpose of estimating code churn.     

Enhancement of tumor radiation response by the antivascular agent 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid

PURPOSE: 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA) selectively damages tumor vasculature and is currently in clinical trial as an antitumor agent. Its ability to induce synthesis of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and its apparent selectivity for poorly-perfused regions in tumors, suggests it possible use in combination with radiotherapy. This investigation examines activity of DMXAA as a radiation modifier using two murine tumors. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Tumor growth delay was evaluated using i.m. RIF-1 and MDAH-MCa-4 tumors irradiated in unanaesthetised, restrained mice (cobalt-60) using single dose or multiple fractions (8 x 2.5 Gy over 4 days) with DMXAA administered i.p. at various times in relation to irradiation. RESULTS: Administration of DMXAA (80 micromol/kg, i.p.) immediately after radiation resulted in a large increase in tumor growth delay, giving a radiation dose modifying factor of 2.3 for RIF-1 and 3.9 for MDAH-MCa-4. The combination was less active when radiation was given 1-4 h after DMXAA, but was highly active 12-48 h after DMXAA. At the latter times, clamping the tumor blood supply caused a large increase in radioresistance. These studies suggest that cells surviving DMXAA are hypoxic for only a short period. DMXAA increased overall growth delay when administered daily during fractionated irradiation, giving an approximately additive response. CONCLUSIONS: The marked synergy between DMXAA and single dose ionising radiation may reflect the complementarity of these agents at the microregional level, with DMXAA preferentially killing hypoxic cells in poorly perfused regions. Despite additional hypoxia shortly after DMXAA treatment, surviving cells appear to reoxygenate quickly which makes it feasible to use DMXAA before and during fractionated radiotherapy. The combination of fractionated radiation and DMXAA appears to be less effective than for single dose radiation (possibly because of the smaller contribution of hypoxia under these conditions), but may be therapeutically useful.