ResearchGate and Google Scholar: how much do they differ in publications,citations and different metrics and why?

ResearchGate has emerged as a popular professional network for scientists and researchers in a very short span. Similar to Google Scholar, the ResearchGate indexing uses an automatic crawling algorithm that extracts bibliographic data, citations, and other information about scholarly articles from various sources. However, it has been observed that the two platforms often show different publication and citation data for the same institutions, journals, and authors. While several previous studies analysed different aspects of ResearchGate and Google Scholar, the quantum of differences in publications, citations, and metrics between the two and the probable reasons for the same are not explored much. This article, therefore, attempts to bridge this research gap by analysing and measuring the differences in publications, citations, and different metrics of the two platforms for a large data set of highly cited authors. The results indicate that there are significantly high differences in publications and citations for the same authors captured by the two platforms, with Google Scholar having higher counts for a vast majority of the cases. The different metrics computed by the two platforms also differ in their values, showing different degrees of correlation. The coverage policy, indexing errors, author attribution mechanism, and strategy to deal with predatory publishing are found to be the main probable reasons for the differences in the two platforms.

     

Fermi–Bose Correspondence and Bose–Einstein Condensation in the Two-Dimensional Ideal Gas

The ideal uniform two-dimensional (2D) Fermi and Bose gases are considered both in the thermodynamic limit and the finite case. We derive May's Theorem, viz. the correspondence between the internal energies of the Fermi and Bose gases in the thermodynamic limit. This results in both gases having the same heat capacity. However, as we shall show, the thermodynamic limit is never truly reached in two dimensions and so it is essential to consider finite-size effects. We show in an elementary manner that for the finite 2D Bose gas, a pseudo-Bose–Einstein condensate forms at low temperatures, incompatible with May's Theorem. The two gases now have different heat capacities, dependent on the system size and tending to the same expression in the thermodynamic limit.     

Automata for Epistemic Temporal Logic with Synchronous Communication

We suggest that developing automata theoretic foundations is relevant for knowledge theory, so that we study not only what is known by agents, but also the mechanisms by which such knowledge is arrived at. We define a class of epistemic automata, in which agents’ local states are annotated with abstract knowledge assertions about others. These are finite state agents who communicate synchronously with each other and information exchange is ‘perfect’. We show that the class of recognizable languages has good closure properties, leading to a Kleene-type theorem using what we call regular knowledge expressions. These automata model distributed causal knowledge in the following way: each agent in the system has a partial knowledge of the temporal evolution of the system, and every time agents synchronize, they update each other’s knowledge, resulting in a more up-to-date view of the system state. Hence we show that these automata can be used to solve the satisfiability problem for a natural epistemic temporal logic for local properties. Finally, we characterize the class of languages recognized by epistemic automata as the regular consistent languages studied in concurrency theory.     

First-order algorithm with three clusters of optical flow vectors

The first-order algorithm is an algorithm for recovering the motion parameters from a single optical flow field. It compares the spatial derivatives, to first order, of the optical flow field obtained from two different parts of the field of view and obtains a linear constraint on the direction of the translational velocity. We modify this algorithm to incorporate the spatial derivatives, to first order, of the optical flow field obtained from a third part of the field of view, and thereby obtain two further linear constraints on the direction of the translational velocity. Only two linear constraints are required to identify the direction of the translational velocity. Therefore, with three linear constraints, there are three ways of estimating the direction of the translational velocity. Although all three estimates are derived from the same set of information, we show that the three estimates are not, in general, equally stable. We assume that each cluster of flow vectors arises from a plane in the environment and show that a linear constraint is most stable when it emanates from a pair of parallel planes, with the camera between them. We also identify the relative orientations of the clusters of flow vectors that maximize and minimize the stability of the linear constraint that they give rise to. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Role of Oxygen as Surface-Active Element in Linear GTA Welding Process

Although the surface-active elements such as oxygen and sulfur have an adverse effect on momentum transport in liquid metals during fusion welding, such elements can be used beneficially up to a certain limit to increase the weld penetration in the gas tungsten arc (GTA) welding process. The fluid flow pattern and consequently the weld penetration and width change due to a change in coefficient of surface tension from a negative value to a positive value. The present work is focused on the analysis of possible effects of surface-active elements to change the weld pool dimensions in linear GTA welding. A 3D finite element-based heat transfer and fluid flow model is developed to study the effect of surface-active elements on stainless steel plates. A velocity in the order of 180 mm/s due to surface tension force is estimated at an optimum concentration of surface-active elements. Further, the differential evolution-based global optimization algorithm is integrated with the numerical model to estimate uncertain model parameters such as arc efficiency, effective arc radius, and effective values of material properties at high temperatures. The effective values of thermal conductivity and viscosity are estimated to be enhanced nine and seven times, respectively, over corresponding room temperature values. An error analysis is also performed to find out the overall reliability of the computed results, and a maximum reliability of 0.94 is achieved.     

Experimental and FE analysis of submerged arc weld induced residual stress and angular deformation of single and double sided fillet welded joint

Submerged arc welding is well-known for its very high deposition rate and thus the capability to join very high thickness metal pieces in large structural applications. Fillet joints are mostly used in structural applications which can be extensively seen in shipbuilding, bridge construction, house buildings, automobile or any other large structures. Thermal stresses generates in a fusion welded joint due to high temperature gradient, which is the cause of the residual stresses upon cooling followed by the angular deformation and failure of the welded structure. As an effect of the thermal gradient, the induced longitudinal, transverse residual stress & angular distortion can vary in single sided and double sided submerged arc welded fillet joints, during designing & manufacturing welded structures which should be taken into account. The main objective of this paper is to quantify the amount of residual stresses and angular deformation in a fillet welding joint. An elasto-plastic thermomechanical model has been developed for predicting residual stresses. A comparison of the residual stress and angular deformation between single and double sided fillet weld joint has been made. The simulation results reveal that the amount of residual stress present in the single sided fillet weld is more and unbalanced in both side of the center of weld line compared to the double sided fillet weld and the predicted results have been matched with the experiments as well as published literatures.     

Distributed automata in an assumption-commitment framework

We propose a class of finite state systems of synchronizing distributed processes, where processes make assumptions at local states about the state of other processes in the system. This constrains the global states of the system to those where assumptions made by a process about another are compatible with the commitments offered by the other at that state. We model examples like reliable bit transmission and sequence transmission protocols in this framework and discuss how assumption-commitment structure facilitates compositional design of such protocols. We prove a decomposition theorem which states that every protocol specified globally as a finite state system can be decomposed into such an assumption compatible system. We also present a syntactic characterization of this class using top level parallel composition. The main results here were first reported in an earlier paper (Mohalik & Ramanujam 1998). We thank the anonymous reviewers for detailed comments that helped to improve the presentation     

Dielectrc Polarization of Animal Lung at Radio Frequencies

Dielectric properties of the inflated and deflated fceline lung in vivo were investigated at frequencies from 10 kHz to 100 MHz. A computer-controlled network analyzer and a multiring capacitive sensor were employed. It was found that in the frequency range investigated, both the dielectric constant and the conductivity of the deflated lung were higher than those of the inflated one. The analysis of the experimental data was performed using two approaches: the loss-tangent method and the curve-fitting computer program called STEPIT. It was found that in the middle band of frequencies for both inflated and deflated states of the lung, the dielectric response mainly reflects the membrane polarization of the capillary erythrocytes with possible contributions of other components, e.g., the pulmonary microphages. The dielectric relaxation time for the capillary erythrocytes in the lung is similar to that for the packed cells, which is much longer than for the erythrocytes at physiological concentrations. The dielectric parameters at low frequencies obtained using the STEPIT program differ significantly between the inflated and deflated lung. The observed dielectric data reflect at least two overlapping dispersions: of lung capillary erythrocytes and of cellular structures forming the alveoli.     

A formal semantics for an active functional DBPL

We describe how the functional database programming language PFL is extended with an active component without compromising either its declarative semantics or its syntax. We give a formal specification of the active component using PFL itself, including event specification and detection, parameter-binding, reaction scheduling and abort handling. We describe how a user-specified function can be cast as a primitive event, and discuss the expressiveness of events and the optimisation of event detection.