Influence of fabrication errors on wölter mirror imaging performance

The resolution of the W?lter mirror, which is utilized as an objective in soft-x-ray microscopes, is limited by fabrication errors. We studied the relation between fabrication errors and imaging performance of the W?lter mirror to determine how this performance could be improved. Figure errors, which are characterized by low spatial frequency, were analyzed by ray tracing, and surface roughness, characterized by high spatial frequency, was analyzed by modified ray tracing. Modified ray tracing was based on ray tracing but took scattering into account. The results of these analyses were compared with experimental data. As a result, we obtained a simple and practical fabricating tolerance criterion that may be employed to obtain higher W?lter mirror resolution. Additionally, we discuss problems in current W?lter mirror fabrication techniques and the changes that might be made in both the design and the fabrication process to improve imaging performance.     

Temperature stable self-biasing bubbles in double layer films

One of the most important problems for a self-biasing bubble (SBB) device is the temperature stability of the SBB diameter. The temperature dependence of the SBB diamater was calculated on the basis of the force stability condition of the SBB and proved to be proportional to the temperature dependence of the characteristic length of the top layer. The proportional coefficient depended on h/l and that was more than -2.7. The smallest value of temperature sensitivity was +0.8%/°C in the system of (YCaEuYb)3GeIG/ (EuEr)3GaIG. No hard bubbles were observed in this self-biasing double layer film and the mobilities of the SBB were similar to those of the usual single layers. And SBB were generated, propagated and detected by means of the usual drive technique (T-Bar permalloy circuits) without any bias field, the operating margins were similar to those of the bubbles in the usual single layer films.     

Changes in Endogenous Oxytocin Levels and the Effects of Exogenous Oxytocin Administration on Body Weight Changes and Food Intake in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Model Rats

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is frequently seen in females of reproductive age and is associated with metabolic disorders that are exacerbated by obesity. Although body weight reduction programs via diet and lifestyle changes are recommended for modifying reproductive and metabolic phenotypes, the drop-out rate is high. Thus, an efficacious, safe, and continuable treatment method is needed. Recent studies have shown that oxytocin (OT) reduces body weight gain and food intake, and promotes lipolysis in some mammals, including humans (especially obese individuals), without any adverse effects. In the present study, we evaluated the changes in endogenous OT levels, and the effects of acute and chronic OT administration on body weight changes, food intake, and fat mass using novel dihydrotestosterone-induced PCOS model rats. We found that the serum OT level was lower in PCOS model rats than in control rats, whereas the hypothalamic OT mRNA expression level did not differ between them. Acute intraperitoneal administration of OT during the dark phase reduced the body weight gain and food intake in PCOS model rats, but these effects were not observed in control rats. In contrast, chronic administration of OT decreased the food intake in both the PCOS model rats and control rats. These findings indicate that OT may be a candidate medicine that is efficacious, safe, and continuable for treating obese PCOS patients.     

Small bubble garnet films with collapse-field temperature coefficients ranging from -0.3 to about 0%/°C

It is confirmed that collapse-field temperature coefficientsDeltaH_{o}(T)of conventional YSmLuCaGeIG (SL) films varied in the range of -0.1 ∼ -0.3 %/°C in proportion to the molar ratio of Lu2O3/Sm2O3in the melt composition.DeltaH_{o}(T)of the SL system was found to be limited in the range of -0.21 ∼ -0.3 %/°C when considering the lattice parameter matching between GGG substrates and films. To obtain garnet films withDeltaH_{o}(T)of less than -0.2 %/°C, Er and Gd substituted garnet films were studied. YSmErGdLuCaGeIG films withDeltaH_{o}(T)of -0.10 %/°C and an YSmErCaGeIG films of -0.06 %/°C were obtained. From the resulting ofDeltaH_{o}(T)and saturation magnetization temperature coefficientDeltaM_{s}(T), it was derived thatDeltaM_{s}(T)accounts for most of theDeltaH_{o}(T).