不同硬段含量RIM嵌段聚脲成型的研究

本文研究了软段为胺端基聚环氧丙烷(分子量为2050),硬段为4,4′-二苯甲烷二异氰酯,用二乙基甲苯二胺进行扩链嵌段聚脲的RIM成型。结果表明,硬段含量为30%的RIM浆脲在各种成型条件下都是有韧性的弹性体。硬段含量70%的RIM聚脲在脱模时极脆,在室温下放置,韧性略有增加,但无商业上的应用价值。硬段含量50%的RIM聚脲可以是从极脆到极富韧性的材料,取决于成型温度和脱模时间。较高的成型温度或较长的成型时间,可以得到韧性较好的聚脲。对脱模后聚脲的脆性与存在硬段低聚体有关进行了讨论。     

Digital recording and reconstruction of holograms in hologram interferometry and shearography

The fundamentals of digital recording and mathematical reconstruction of Fresnel holograms are described. The object is recorded in two different states, and the holograms are stored electronically with a charge-coupled-device detector. In the process of reconstruction the digitally sampled holograms are applied to the different coherent optical methods as hologram interferometry and shearography. If the holograms are superimposed and reconstructed jointly, a holographic interferogram results. If a shearing is introduced in the reconstruction process, a shearogram results. This means that the evaluation technique, e.g., hologram interferometry or shearography, can be influenced by numerical methods.     

Can cirrus clouds produce glories?

A vague glory display was photographed over central Utah from an airplane beginning its descent through a cirrus cloud layer with an estimated cloud top temperature of -45 and -55 degrees C. Photographic analysis reveals a single reddish-brown ring of 2.5-3.0 degrees radius around the antisolar point, although a second ring appeared visually to have been present over the brief observation period. Mie and approximate nonspherical theory scattering simulations predict a population of particles with modal diameters between 9 and 15 mum. Although it is concluded that multiple-ringed glories can be accounted for only through the backscattering of light from particles that are strictly spherical in shape, the poor glory colorization in this case could imply the presence of slightly aspherical ice particles. The location of this display over mountainous terrain suggests that it was generated by an orographic wave cloud, which we speculate produced numerous frozen cloud droplets that only gradually took on crystalline characteristics during growth.     

Anomalous diffraction theory for arbitrarily oriented finite circular cylinders and comparison with exact T-matrix results

A general method is developed to formulate extinction and absorption efficiency for nonspherical particles at arbitrary and random orientations by use of anomalous diffraction theory (ADT). An ADT for finite circular cylinders is evaluated as an example. Existing ADT's for infinite cylinders at arbitrary orientations and for finite cylinders at the normal incidence are shown to be special cases of the new formulation. ADT solutions for finite cylinders are shown to approach the rigorous T-matrix results when the refractive indices approach unity. The importance of some physical processes that are neglected in the ADT approximation are evaluated by comparisons between ADT and rigorous calculations for different particle geometries. For spheres, van de Hulst's ADT and Mie theory are used, whereas the ADT that we present and T-matrix calculations are used for cylinders of different diameter-to-length ratios. The results show that the differences in extinction between ADT and exact solutions generally decrease with nonsphericity. A similar decrease occurs for absorption at wavelengths of relatively strong absorption. The influence of complex refractive index is evaluated. Our results suggest that ADT may provide a useful approximation in parameterization and remote sensing of cirrus clouds in the Christiansen bands where the real part of the refractive index approaches unity and/or where relative absorption is strong.     

Thermomechanical formation and recovery of nanoindents in a shape memory polymer studied using a heated tip

This paper investigates the thermomechanical formation and recovery of nanometer-scale indents in a shape memory polymer (SMP), studied using a heated atomic force microscope (AFM) tip and hot-stage atomic force microscopy. The material tested is a tert-butyl acrylate (tBA)-based polymer, which has a glass transition temperature of 60 degrees C. The AFM tip forms indents in the polymer in the temperature range 25-250 degrees C. The shape recovery of the indents is studied while the polymer is heated up to 100 degrees C. The temperature required for complete annealing of the indents depends upon the indentation formation conditions, with higher temperature formation corresponding to higher temperature recovery.     

Specific UV absorbance of Aldrich humic acid: changes during transport in aquifer sediment

This study examined the transport behavior of Aldrich humic acid (AHA) in low natural organic carbon content sediment contaminated with tetrachloroethene (PCE), for comparison to a nonionic surfactant mixture previously examined in the same system. Tracking of individual molecular weight (MW) fractions of AHA was attempted by UV absorbance, followed by conversion to mass of carbon using specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) (UV absorbance per mass of carbon) measurements. The analysis required determination of variations of SUVA with MW, which showed a maximum at 10 000 Daltons. Furthermore, SUVAs of AHA MW fractions greater than about 10 000 Daltons increased following AHA interaction with sediment in batch experiments, and this was associated with AHA-driven leaching of cations from the sediment. AHA transport was examined in a series of three columns representing the up-gradient, residual-zone, and down-gradient portions of a DNAPL contaminated site. SUVAs of larger MW AHA fractions cycled through decreased, increased, and eventual return to influent values during the early, intermediate, and final stages of breakthrough, respectively. These variations were attributable to a combination of preferential adsorption of low MW fractions of the AHA during early breakthrough and AHA-driven leaching of sediment cations during intermediate breakthrough, with eventual exhaustion of sediment cation complexation during the final stage of breakthrough. The complex variations in SUVA precluded accurate conversion of measured UV absorbance to carbon mass. However, the effect of AHA loss to sediment on the solubilizing capacity of the AHA solution was indicated by the breakthrough behavior of AHA-solubilized PCE, which showed that AHA loss from the aqueous phase during transport in this system did not decrease the solubilizing capacity of the AHA mixture.