Logarithmic wavelength demultiplexers

A general approach for a full 1 /spl times/ N demultiplexer using a tree of filter stages is proposed. The device architecture is compact, requiring at least N - 1 filter stages, and flexible, as each filter stage can be arbitrarily designed, with the only constraint of the half-band power property. The filters can be realized using any optical filtering techniques as thin-film interference, Bragg gratings, or planar delay-line circuits. The performances of the proposed architecture are illustrated with respect to different lattice-form finite impulse response (FIR) and infinite impulse response (IIR) filter stages, showing that the demultiplexer inherently presents low crosstalk and flat passband. A design example of a 1 /spl times/ 4 demultiplexer consisting of three all-pass (AP) filters is compared with a generalized Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) with four AP filters in its arms, showing that the two approaches achieve similar results.     

QoS assessment of 3G video-phone calls by tracing watermarking exploiting the new colour space `YST?

Tracing watermarking has been recently proposed as a technique to provide a blind measure of the quality of service of the communication link, focusing on multimedia communication scenarios. 3G communication scenarios, where each customer transmits both voice and MPEG-4 video sequences in real time, have been considered. Typical video-phone call consists of close shots of speakers, framing their face in the foreground. For such particular application, a novel colour space (YST) is adopted to minimise the perceptual distortions on face coding introduced by watermarking. In the YST space, the luminance component (Y) is the same as in conventional YUV space, whereas the vectors S and T lie within the chrominance (UV) plane. The S (skin) component is a linear combination of U and V obtained as the 'average' chrominance estimated from an assorted set human faces to achieve a reasonable generalisation. The third component, T, is defined as orthogonal to the YS plane. The results show the benefits obtained in digital watermarking by the new representation against the conventional approach. In fact, the sensitivity of the YST representation outperforms the conventional one in terms of objective (mean square error, peak signal-to-noise ratio) and subjective (video-quality metrics) indicators.     

Hidden Markov modeling using a dominant state sequence with application to speech recognition

Approximate maximum likelihood (ML) hidden Markov modeling using the most likely state sequence (MLSS) is examined and compared with the exact ML approach that considers all possible state sequences. It is shown that for any hidden Markov model (HMM), the difference between the approximate and the exact normalized likelihood functions cannot exceed the logarithm of the number of states divided by the dimension of the output vectors (frame length), which is negligible for typically used values of vector dimension (128–256) and number of states (2–30). Furthermore, for Gaussian HMMs and a given observation sequence, the MLSS is typically the sequence of nearest neighbor states in the Itakura-Saito sense, and the posterior probability of any state sequence which departs from the MLSS in a single time instant decays exponentially with the frame length. Hence, for a sufficiently large frame length the exact and approximate ML approaches provide similar model estimates and likelihood values. The results and their implications on speech recognition are demonstrated in a set of experiments.     

Fast Inverse Motion Compensation Algorithms for MPEG and for Partial DCT Information

In prior work, we developed a fast inverse motion compensation method that can be implemented directly on the DCT domain representation derived from the compressed bitstreams conforming to MPEG, H.261, and H.263 standards. That work was restricted to compressed-domain representations wherein the motion-vectors have integer pel accuracy. Here, we extend this work to fractional-pel accurate motion-vectors. We also extend the prior work to speed up the inverse motion compensation process in the DCT domain by explicitly exploiting the sparseness of the DCT domain representation. Using partial DCT information, we show that the DCT domain method has substantially lower operation count than the conventional spatial domain approach which requires decompression followed by inverse motion-compensation.     

Immunocytochemical evaluation of protein kinase C translocation to the inner nuclear matrix in 3T3 mouse fibroblasts after IGF-I treatment

The complex pathway which links the agonist-cell membrane receptor binding to the response at the genome level involves, among other elements, protein kinase C (PKC). Agonists acting at the cell membrane can affect an autonomous nuclear polyphosphoinositide signaling system inducing an activation of nuclear phosphoinositidase activity and a subsequent translocation of PKC to the nuclear region. The fine localization of PKC has been investigated by means of electron microscopy quantitative immunogold labeling in 3T3 mouse fibroblasts, mitogenically stimulated by IGF-I. The enzyme, which in untreated cells is present in the cytoplasm, except for the organelles, and in the nucleoplasm, after IGF-I treatment is reduced in the cytoplasm and almost doubled in the nucleus. The PKC isoform translocated to the nucleus is the alpha isozyme, which is found not only associated with the nuclear envelope but mainly with the interchromatin domains. By using in situ matrix preparations, PKC appears to be retained at the nuclear matrix level, both at the nuclear lamina and at the inner nuclear matrix, suggesting a direct involvement in the phosphorylation of nuclear proteins which are responsible for the regulation of DNA replication.     

High dose intravenous immune globulins and plasma exchange in Guillain-Barré Syndrome

We report the effects of treatment with plasma-exchange (PE) and intravenous immune globulins (IVIg) in 36 out of 50 patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) recruited by an incidence study in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. Comparison of the patients treated with PE and IVIg showed no significant differences in terms of effectiveness in improving the clinical course of GBS: at one month, respectively 11.1% and 25% had recovered, and 55.5% and 58.3% had improved by at least one grade. These results are in agreement with those of the Dutch GBS trial. No relapses were observed in either group. Moreover, our results showed no difference in clinical outcome at 1 and 3 months between the patients receiving only one therapy and those receiving two; a second cycle of therapy did not seem to improve the clinical course of the disease significantly. We conclude that PE and IVIg are both safe and effective therapies for GBS.     

Study of the thermomechanical and electrical properties of conducting composites containing natural rubber and carbon black

This work describes the preparation and characterization of composite materials obtained by the combination of natural rubber (NR) and carbon black (CB) in different percentages, aiming to improve their mechanical properties, processability, and electrical conductivity, aiming future applications as transducer in pressure sensors. The composites NR/CB were characterized through optical microscopy (OM), DC conductivity, thermal analysis using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMA), thermogravimetry (TGA), and stress–strain test. The electrical conductivity varied between 10^?9 and 10 S m^?1, depending on the percentage of CB in the composite. Furthermore, a linear (and reversible) dependence of the conductivity on the applied pressure between 0 and 1.6 MPa was observed for the sample with containing 80 wt % of NR and 20% of CB. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007     

K- and Cs-FeV/Al2O3soot combustion catalysts for diesel exhaust treatment

Alkali-doped FeV oxide catalysts supported on -alumina were prepared and their catalytic activity in the combustion of diesel soot is reported. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, TPR and SEM–EDX analysis. The influence of the nature of the alkali metal (K and Cs), the temperature of treatment of the catalysts and the stability to sulfur poisoning have been investigated.

Catalysts doped with Cs were the most active and stable also after several combustion cycles and in the presence of sulfur in the stream. The activity measurements and microstructural results suggest that the combustion of soot is favored on catalysts where amorphous phases and/or mixed Fe---V---O phases, ensuring an intimate contact between iron and vanadium, are present. A reaction mechanism involving the participation of the redox couple Fe(II)–Fe(III) in the activation of the vanadium combustion sites, is proposed.     

Validation of GOES and MODIS active fire detection products using ASTER and ETM+ data

In this study we implemented a comprehensive analysis to validate the MODIS and GOES satellite active fire detection products (MOD14 and WFABBA, respectively) and characterize their major sources of omission and commission errors which have important implications for a large community of fire data users. Our analyses were primarily based on the use of 30 m resolution ASTER and ETM+ imagery as our validation data. We found that at the 50% true positive detection probability mark, WFABBA requires four times more active fire area than is necessary for MOD14 to achieve the same probability of detection, despite the 16× factor separating the nominal spatial resolutions of the two products. Approximately 75% and 95% of all fires sampled were omitted by the MOD14 and WFABBA instantaneous products, respectively; whereas an omission error of 38% was obtained for WFABBA when considering the 30-minute interval of the GOES data. Commission errors for MOD14 and WFABBA were found to be similar and highly dependent on the vegetation conditions of the areas imaged, with the larger commission errors (approximately 35%) estimated over regions of active deforestation. Nonetheless, the vast majority (> 80%) of the commission errors were indeed associated with recent burning activity where scars could be visually confirmed in the higher resolution data. Differences in thermal dynamics of vegetated and non-vegetated areas were found to produce a reduction of approximately 50% in the commission errors estimated towards the hours of maximum fire activity (i.e., early-afternoon hours) which coincided with the MODIS/Aqua overpass. Lastly, we demonstrate the potential use of temporal metrics applied to the mid-infrared bands of MODIS and GOES data to reduce the commission errors found with the validation analyses.