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1.
Under carefully chosen conditions, solidification theory may be applied to solid-state transformations, and this has been
done here for composition-invariant diffusion transformations. The predictions of the modeling are compared with isovelocity
experiments in two iron systems, Fe-7.29 wt pct Cr and Fe-3.1 wt pct Ni. The ferrite to austenite phase transformation is
used to demonstrate that stabilization of a planar transformation front at absolute stability is the natural lower velocity
limit for a composition-invariant (massive) transformation. The results of the model, which includes nonequilibrium effects,
clearly show that steady-state plane-front growth leading to composition invariance can be obtained at various temperatures
depending on the growth velocity. In the lower velocity range, at the limit of absolute stability (of the order of 10 μm/s in the systems studied), the transformation interface moves under conditions of local equilibrium, and the temperature
corresponds to the lower solvus temperature. At higher velocity (of the order of the interface diffusion rate, which in these
systems is of the order of cm/s), the transformation is predicted to proceed at temperatures close to T
0. At even higher rates, atom attachment kinetic undercooling will decrease the transformation temperature with respect to
T
0. In some cases, this temperature might even drop below the lower solvus.
This article is based on a presentation made at the symposium entitled “The Mechanisms of the Massive Transformation,” a part
of the Fall 2000 TMS Meeting held October 16–19, 2000, in St. Louis, Missouri, under the auspices of the ASM Phase Transformations
Committee. 相似文献
2.
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
3.
Additional remarks are given for the data of auroras during the earlier centuries. 相似文献
4.
Wilfried Reiners 《Datenschutz und Datensicherheit - DuD》2006,30(11):720-720
5.
Besides equidistribution properties and statistical independence the lattice profile, a generalized version of Marsaglia's
lattice test, provides another quality measure for pseudorandom sequences over a (finite) field. It turned out that the lattice
profile is closely related with the linear complexity profile. In this article we give a survey of several features of the
linear complexity profile and the lattice profile, and we utilize relationships to completely describe the lattice profile
of a sequence over a finite field in terms of the continued fraction expansion of its generating function. Finally we describe
and construct sequences with a certain lattice profile, and introduce a further complexity measure. 相似文献
6.
Crosslinked poly(4-styrenesulfonic acid chloride) was reacted with 3-amino-4-hydroxyphenyl benzoate to give a reactive carrier after saponification and oxidation. Its binding ability was tested with α-chymotrypsin. The binding ability as well as the enzyme activity could be increased by introduction of spacers, e.g. ethylenediamine and hexamethylenediamine between the poly(styrene)-matrix and p-benzoquinone. Also crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) was reacted with p-benzoquinone to give a reactive carrier, which could also immobilize α-chymotrypsin. Some properties of the immobilized α-chymotrypsin as activity, pH-optimum and storage stability were investigated. 相似文献
7.
Werten Paul J.L.; Carver John A.; Jaenicke Rainer; de Jong Wilfried W. 《Protein engineering, design & selection : PEDS》1996,9(11):1021-1028
ß-Crystallins are structural lens proteins with aconserved two-domain structure and variable N- and C-terminalextensions. These extensions are assumed to be involved in quaternaryinteractions within the ß-crystallin oligomers orwith other lens proteins. Therefore, the production of ßA3-and ßAl-crystallin from the single ßA3/A1mRNA by dual translation initiation is of interest. These crystallinsare identical, except that ßAl has a much shorterN-terminal extension than ßA3. This rare mechanismhas been conserved for over 250 million years during the evolutionof the ßA3/A1 gene, suggesting that the generationof different N-terminal extensions confers a selective advantage.We therefore compared the stability and association behaviourof recombinant ßA3- and ßAl-crystallin.Both proteins are equally stable in urea- and pH-induced denaturationexperiments. Gel filtration and analytical ultracentrifugationestablished that ßA3 and ßA1 both form homodimers.In the water-soluble proteins of bovine lens, ßA3and ßA1 are present in the same molecular weight fractions,indicating that they oligomerize equally with other ß-crystallins.1H-NMR spectroscopy showed that residues Met1 to Asn22 of theN-terminal extension of ßA3 have great flexibilityand are solvent exposed, excluding them from protein interactionsin the homodimer. These results indicate that the differentN-terminal extensions of ßA3 and ßA1 donot affect their homo- or heteromeric interactions. 相似文献
8.
Peter Werkhoff Wilfried Bretschneider Matthias Güntert Rudolf Hopp Horst Surburg 《Zeitschrift für Lebensmitteluntersuchung und -Forschung A》1991,192(2):111-115
Summary The direct capillary gas Chromatographic separation oftrans--ionone andtrans--damascone enantiomers is reported using heptakis(2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)--cyclodextrin in polysiloxane as a suitable chiral stationary phase. The method described has been applied to determine the naturally occurring enantiomeric composition oftrans--ionone in the absolutes of the flowers ofBoronia megastigma Nees andOsmanthus fragrance Lour., Costus root oil (Saussurea lappa Clarke) as well as in odor concentrates of violet flowers (Viola odorata L.), fresh raspberries, carrots and vanilla pods. Furthermore, the optical purity oftrans--ionone in the solvent extracts of distilled alcoholic raspberry beverage, raspberry fruit juice concentrate and black tea was investigated.Trans--ionone was either isolated by headspace stripping in vacuo or by organic solvent extraction and subsequently enriched by multidimensional preparative Chromatographic techniques.Trans--damascone was isolated from Virginia tobacco extract and from black tea aroma and was enriched for direct chirospecific analysis by medium pressure liquid chromatography followed by multidimensional preparative capillary gas chromatography. The importance of chirality as an essential criterion for the discrimination of natural and nature-identical aromas is discussed briefly.
Chirale Analysen von Aroma-und etherischen Öl-Inhaltsstoffen Teil B. Direkte Trennung der Enantiomeren von trans--Ionon und trans--Damascon mittels Inklusionsgaschromatographie
Zusammenfassung Mit Heptakis(2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)--cyclodextrin in Polysiloxan als chiraler stationärer GC-Phase können die Enantiomeren vontrans--Ionon undtrans--Damascon direkt stereodifferenziert werden. Mit der beschriebenen Methode wird die Enantiomerenzusammensetzung vontrans--Ionon in den Absolues vonBoronia megastigma Nées undOsmanthus fragrance Lour., in Costuswurzelöl (Saussurea lappa Clarke), in den Headspace-Konzentraten von Veilchenblüten, frischen Himbeeren, Karotten und Vanilleschoten sowie in den Lösungsmittelextrakten von Himbeergeist, Himbeerfruchtsaftkonzentrat und schwarzem Tee bestimmt.Trans--Ionon wurde aus den genannten Naturprodukten mit Hilfe von multidimensionalen präparativen chromatographischen Trenntechniken angereichert und isoliert.Trans--Damascon wurde durch die Kombination MPLC/präparative Capillargaschromatographie aus Virginia Tabakextrakt und aus dem Aromastoffspektrum von schwarzem Tee erhalten und in s eine Enantiomeren aufgetrennt. Die Bedeutung der Chiralität als Beurteilungskriterium zur Unterscheidung natürlicher und naturidentischer Aromastoffe wird kurz diskutiert.相似文献
9.
10.
Wilfried M. Post Mirjam A. A. Huis in ’t Veld Sylvia A. A. van den Boogaard 《Personal and Ubiquitous Computing》2008,12(3):223-235
Many attempts are underway for developing meeting support tools, but less attention is paid to the evaluation of meetingware.
This article describes the development and testing of an instrument for evaluating meeting tools. First, we specified the
object of evaluation—meetings—by means of a set of input, process, and outcome factors. Then, we designed the process of evaluation,
consisting of, first, the generation of meeting behavior in the form of a controlled series of meetings within the context
of a project and, second, the measurement of the identified meeting factors. To measure these factors, a rating scale, questionnaires,
and information flow analysis were used. Next, the instrument was tested, and the factors for successful meetings were determined
in 13 projects in which four participants had to meet four times. The evaluation instrument proved to be a reliable and useful
aid for the development and improvement of meeting tools. 相似文献