Re-evaluation of Radiation-Energy Transfer to an Extraction Solvent in a Minor-Actinide-Separation Process Based on Consideration of Radiation Permeability

ABSTRACT

Absorbed-dose estimation is essential for evaluation of the radiation tolerance of minor-actinide-separation processes. We propose a dose-evaluation method based on radiation permeability, with comparisons of heterogeneous structures seen in the solvent-extraction process, such as emulsions forming in the mixture of the organic and aqueous phases. A demonstration of radiation-energy-transfer simulation is performed with a focus on the minor-actinide-recovery process from high-level liquid waste with the aid of the Monte Carlo radiation-transport code PHITS. The simulation results indicate that the dose absorbed by the extraction solvent from alpha radiation depends upon the emulsion structure, and that from beta and gamma radiation depends upon the mixer-settler-apparatus size. Non-negligible contributions of well-permeable gamma rays were indicated in terms of the plant operation of the minor-actinide-separation process.     

Fracture and deformation properties of Ni-Fe superalloy in cryogenic high magnetic field environments

The present paper includes experimental and analytical data on the fracture properties of a nickel-iron superalloy, a ferromagnetic austenite, at 4 K in magnetic fields of 0 and 6 T. The tensile, notch tensile and small punch tests are employed. A finite element analysis is also performed to convert the experimentally measured load-displacement data into useful engineering information. To interpret the results we review the available theory of the influence of magnetic field on the stress intensity factor for a crack in ferromagnetic materials.     

Dynamics and biogeochemical significance of the physical environment in Lake Biwa

We have examined two aspects of the dynamics and biogeochemical significance of the physical environment in Lake Biwa. One is the horizontal distribution of cyanobacteria as it relates to the ‘first gyre’ in the north basin of Lake Biwa. We could easily measure the first gyre using a vessel‐mounted acoustic doppler currents profiler. We were able to quantify the dynamics of the horizontal and vertical structure of currents and water temperature of this gyre. The first gyre did not remain at a fixed position; it moved north and south according to the growth of the gyre. This may play a role in the redistribution of cyanobacteria from place to place in the north basin. The second important environmental dynamic we measured was oxygen consumption rates from 1994 to 2000. We found that the minimum oxygen concentration in the hypolimnion has a clear inverse relationship with the apparent oxygen consumption rates in the 80–85 m depth layer. As a reduction in oxygen concentration in the hypolimnion can have a serious impact on benthic organisms, we concluded that the Lake Biwa environment should be monitored carefully and systematically.     

Voltage sag compensation with minimum energy injection by use of a micro‐SMES

This paper presents a method to compensate voltage sags with minimum energy injection for a series‐connected voltage restorer using a micro‐SMES. A circuit for extracting the fundamental symmetrical components from sag voltages and a minimum energy injection algorithm is described. Simulations of voltage sag compensation have been carried out using PSCAD/EMTDC for various faults. The simulation results confirm the validity of the proposed method and show the possibility of reducing the size of energy storage devices. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 141(3): 70–80, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10047     

Liquid viscosities and densities of HFC-134a+glycol mixtures

Liquid viscosity and density of six binary mixtures of HFC-134a with glycols [ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol (400), and polypropylene glycol (2000)] have been measured in the temperature range from 273 to 333 K. The viscosity was measured by a rolling-ball viscometer calibrated with standard liquids of viscosities and densities (JS5, JS10, JS20, and JS50). The density was measured with a glass pycnometer. The uncertainties of the measurements were estimated to be less than 3.4 % for viscosity and 0.04 % for density, respectively. An equation is given to represent the obtained viscosity values as a function of weight fraction and temperature.     

Saturated liquid viscosities and densities of environmentally acceptable hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)

Measurements of saturated liquid viscosities and densities were performed on environmentally acceptable hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), CH₃CCl₂F (HCFC-141b), CH₃CClF₂ (HCFC-142b; only for viscosity), CF₃CF₂CHCl₂ (HCFC-225ca), and CClF₂CF₂CHClF (HCFC-225cb), using a capillary viscometer and a glass pycnometer in the temperature range from 273 to 353 K. The uncertainty in the measurement of viscosity is estimated to be 5% based on the comparison of the present data with those in the literature for HCFC-141b. An equation is given to represent our saturated liquid viscosity data as a function of temperature.     

Backscattered electron imaging by scanning electron microscopy of regenerating peripheral nerve axons immunostained with antineurofilament antibody.

To demonstrate three-dimensional architecture of regenerating axons growing through basal lamina tubes in cryoinjured nerve graft, backscattered electron (BSE) imaging in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to visualize immunostained axons. Regenerating axons immunostained with an antibody against the 200 kD neurofilament protein (RT97) were clearly visualized in BSE images as bright components pursuing an irregular, often spiral course within the basal lamina tubes, and commonly branching within the tubes. The morphology of these structures corresponded closely to that of putative regenerating axons in SEM preparations following application of the potassium hydroxide-collagenase digestion method. The present approach, however, is a considerable improvement on the latter, providing three-dimensional information together with the identification of regenerating axons.     

Hydroliquefaction of low-sulfur coals using iron carbonyl complexes—Sulfur as catalysts

Hydroliquefaction of low-sulfur Australian coals (Wandoan and Yallourn) was studied using iron carbonyl complexes as catalyst. The addition of Fe(CO)₅ (2.8 wt% Fe of coal) increased coal conversion from 48.6 to 85.2% for Wandoan coal, and from 36.7 to 69.7% for Yallourn coal in 1-methylnaphthalene at 425°C under an initial hydrogen pressure of 50 kg cm^?2. When molecular sulfur was added to iron carbonyls (Fe(CO)₅, Fe₂(CO)₉ and Fe₃(CO)₁₂), higher coal converions ( > 92%) and higher oil yields (>46%) were obtained, along with an increase in the amount of hydrogen transferred to coal from the gas phase (0.2 to 2.8%, d.a.f. coal basis). In the liquefaction studies using a hydrogen donor solvent, tetralin, Fe(CO)₅S catalyst increased the amount of hydrogen absorbed from the gaseous phase and decreased the amount of naphthalene dehydrogenated from tetralin. The direct hydrogen transfer reaction from molecular hydrogen to coal fragment radicals seems to be a major reaction pathway. Organic sulfur compounds, dimethyldisulfide and benzothiophene, and inorganic FeS₂ and NiS were found to be good sulfur sources to Fe(CO)₅. From X-ray diffraction analyses of liquefaction residues, it is concluded that Fe(CO)₅ was converted into pyrrhotite (Fe_1?xS) when sulfur was present, but into Fe₃O₄ in the absence of sulfur.     

Characterization of microspherical semi-transparent solar cells and modules

Microspherical solar cells and modules have been fabricated. The spherical nature of these semi-transparent devices allows the microspherical cells to harvest both directly incident and diffuse components of sunlight thereby improving the solar energy conversion efficiency. Indoor and outdoor characterizations of these three dimensional semi-transparent cells and modules are carried out using a Lambertian reflector in order to assess the maximum efficiency of the devices. In the absence of the reflector the cell efficiency is 13.5% under standard illumination (100 mW cm⁻², A.M. 1.5, 25 °C). However, this is significantly enhanced in the presence of the reflector. Microspherical modules with the reflector are directly compared to similar semi-transparent modules comprised of traditional planar devices, in outdoor tests at low light intensity (2.5–25 mW cm⁻²) to further demonstrate the benefits of the design particularly at low angle of incident radiation.