Partial scan design and test sequence generation based on reduced scan shift method

This paper presents a partial scan algorithm, calledPARES (PartialscanAlgorithm based onREduced Scan shift), for designing partial scan circuits. PARES is based on the reduced scan shift that has been previously proposed for generating short test sequences for full scan circuits. In the reduced scan shift method, one determines proch FFs must be controlled and observed for each test vector. According to the results of similar analysis, PARES selects these FFs that must be controlled or observed for a large number of test vectors, as scanned FFs. Short test sequences are generated by reducing scan shift operations using a static test compaction method. To minimize the loss of fault coverage, the order of test vectors is so determined that the unscanned FFs are in the state required by the next test vector. If there are any faults undetected yet by a test sequence derived from the test vectors, then PARES uses a sequential circuit test generator to detect the faults. Experimental results for ISCAS'89 benchmark circuits are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of PARES.     

Complexity of the color appearance of objects with nonuniform illumination

An inversion relationship is clarified between lightness and brightness, and also between chroma and colorfulness under nonuniform illumination with different illuminance levels (high and low) within the same visual field. Brightness (or colorfulness) of object color with low lightness (or chroma) under high illuminance level is perceived higher than that of another object color with high lightness (or chroma) under low illuminance level. Two color images are given for showing the inversion phenomena on brightness–lightness and colorfulness–chroma between object colors under different illuminance levels. These color images are useful for making researchers on color understand the differences in concept between brightness and lightness, and also between colorfulness and chroma. In particular, the concept of colorfulness is important, but difficult to understand. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 32, 372–377, 2007     

Temperature Dependence of the Raman Spectrum in Lithium Oxide Single Crystal

Temperature dependence of the Raman spectrum of lithium oxide single crystal has been measured over a temperature range of 80 to 1073 K. The frequency shift and the line width of the Raman spectrum in lithium oxide were about 531 and 4.5 cm^-1 at 80 K, respectively. At 1073 K, the frequency shift and the line width attained the values of 464 and 112 cm^-1, respectively. The strong temperature dependence of the frequency shift and line width was compared with data from some crystals with a fluorite structure.     

Attenuation of ischemic liver injury by prostaglandin E1 analogue, misoprostol, and prostaglandin I2 analogue, OP-41483

Workplace AIDS training is a recent addition to many corporations' occupational health agenda. However, little is known about the objectives, content, and practices of AIDS training programs. A survey of 126 workplace AIDS trainers was conducted to determine the impact of the trainer's organizational affiliation (in-house, consultant, union, etc.) and personal motives on training program objectives, content, and practices. Results indicate that the organizational affiliation of trainers is significantly related to training objectives, topics, and practices, whereas strong personal motives for becoming an AIDS trainer is significantly associated with an emphasis on more controversial content areas and training practices. Findings are discussed in terms of applicability to other values-oriented training topics, applications to practice, and future research needs.     

Impact damage patterns studied by a model simulation

A lattice model has been developed to explore impact damage patterns in brittle materials. The damage evolution was modelled as a process involving the change of strain-energy distribution by cracking. Using a cubic lattice system, a large strain energy was supplied to the system surface. Crack growth initiated by this local energy supply was followed by means of computer simulations. The damage patterns were compared for systems which have different distributions of strain energy stored prior to the local energy supply. The simulations reveal a characteristic difference in the damage pattern. Impact damage for a system with a spatially fluctuating distribution of strain energy is limited around an impact point. Impact damage for a systen with a relatively uniform distribution of strain energy penetrates deeply. The results of the simulations are discussed in connection with the material evaluation and the material resistance.     

Sintering of fibrous barium titanate powder compacts with preferred orientation

The sintering of fibrous BaTiO₃ powder particles was investigated. Special emphasis was given to the role of particle orientation in the compact on densification and microstructure development. Compacts were made by dry-pressing. During the initial stage of sintering, the fibrous particles rearranged and bundles of particles were formed. The volume of pores between bundles of particles decreased on further heating. Grain growth started when the sintered density reached ca. 56% of the theoretical density. Higher temperatures of sintering increased the degree of the crystal axis orientation. Thus, highly orientated sintered bodies with high densities were prepared by heating at 1500 °C.     

Thermal strain of high strength polyethylene fiber in low temperature

High strength polyethylene fiber (Toyobo, Dyneema® fiber: hereinafter abbreviated to DF) has a negative thermal expansion coefficient. Relation between fiber structure and thermal strain of DF used as reinforcement of DF reinforced plastic (DFRP) for cryogenic use was investigated. The crystallinities and orientation angles of several kinds of polyethylene fibers having different modulus from 15 to 134Gpa (herein after abbreviated to DFs) were measured by NMR and X‐ray. We obtained the parameters of the mechanical series‐parallel model composed of crystal and amorphous by crystallinity and modulus. Thermal expansion coefficients of DFs were estimated by mechanical series‐parallel model. All DFs having different modulus showed negative thermal expansion coefficients in the temperature range from 180 to 300K, and absolute values of those markedly increased by increasing tensile modulus of DF. The estimated thermal expansion coefficients showed negative values, and thermal strains showed a similar curve to observed ones mostly. Average thermal expansion coefficients in the temperature range from 180 to 300K estimated by mechanical model agreed with the observed ones. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 2918–2925, 2004