Scintillation properties of Tm-doped Lu3Al5O12 single crystals

Using the micro-pulling-down (μ-PD) method, Tm-doped Lu₃Al₅O₁₂ (Tm:LuAG) single crystals were grown to examine their scintillation properties. In transmittance spectra, they exhibited about 80% transparency in the wavelengths longer than 320 nm and five absorption lines due to Tm³⁺ 4f–4f transitions were observed. ²⁴¹Am α-ray excited radioluminescence spectra were measured and intense 4f–4f emission peaks were observed with the host emission. When excited by ¹³⁷Cs γ-Ray to obtain pulse height spectra, Tm 1% doped LuAG showed the highest light yield coupled with a photomultiplier (PMT) or a silicon avalanche photodiode (Si-APD). The light yield was estimated to be 5800 and 7300 photons/MeV for PMT and Si-APD, respectively. Decay time profiles consist of two exponential components and the fast and slow components are considered to be attributed to the host and the combination of the host and Tm³⁺ 4f–4f emission, respectively.     

Crystal growth and scintillation properties of Nd-doped Lu3Al5O12 single crystals with different Nd concentrations

Nd 0.1%, 0.5%, 1% and 3% doped Lu₃Al₅O₁₂ (Nd:LuAG) single crystals were grown in the nitrogen atmosphere by the micro-pulling down (μ-PD) method. The grown crystals had a single-phase confirmed by powder XRD analysis. In absorption spectra, some weak absorption lines due to Nd³⁺ 4f-4f transitions were observed and their intensity increased with the increase of Nd concentration. When excited by ²⁴¹Am α-ray, a broad emission peak due to defects in the host lattice at 320 nm and some sharp lines due to Nd³⁺ 4f-4f transitions at wavelength longer than 400 nm were observed. The decay time profiles of Nd:LuAG under γ-ray excitation were well approximated by two exponential function of 340-760 ns and 3-5 μs for each sample. By pulse height measurement using ¹³⁷Cs, Nd 0.5%:LuAG showed the highest light yield of 7600 ± 760 photons/MeV.     

Crystal growth and scintillation properties of Er-doped Lu3Al5O12 single crystals

Er-doped Lu₃Al₅O₁₂ (Er:LuAG) single crystalline scintillators with different Er concentrations of 0.1, 0.5, 1, and 3% were grown by the micro-pulling-down (μ-PD) method. The grown crystals were composed of single-phase material, as demonstrated by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). The radioluminescence spectra measured under ²⁴¹Am α-ray excitation indicated host emission at approximately 350 nm and Er³⁺ 4f-4f emissions. According to the pulse height spectra recorded under γ-ray irradiation, the 0.5% Er:LuAG exhibited the highest peak channel among the samples. The γ-ray excited decay time profiles were well fitted by the two-component exponential approximation (0.8 μs and 6-10 μs).     

Eu-doped LiF-SrF2 eutectic scintillators for neutron detection

Eu²⁺ 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.2% activated LiF-SrF₂ eutectic scintillators were prepared by the Bridgman method using ⁶Li enriched (95%) raw material. The α-ray-induced radio luminescence spectra showed intense emission peak at 430 nm due to an emission from Eu²⁺ 5d-4f transition in the Eu:SrF₂ layers. When excited by ²⁵²Cf neutrons, all the samples exhibited almost the same light yields of 5000-7000 ph/n with a typical decay times of several hundreds ns.     

Crystal growth and scintillation properties of Ce-doped sodium calcium lutetium complex fluoride

0.1%, 0.5%, 1% and 3% Ce doped scintillation crystals based on NaF-CaF₂-LuF₃ solid solutions were grown from the melt using Micro-Pulling-Down (μ-PD) method. The grown crystals were transparent and their transmittance was approximately 80% for the wavelengths longer than 320 nm. Concerning the scintillation properties, radio-luminescence peaks of the crystals were detected at approximately 330 nm. The light yield of the crystals was also measured using γ-ray (¹³⁷Cs and ²²Na) as the excitation source.     

Thermal neutron imaging with rare-earth-ion-doped LiCaAlF6 scintillators and a sealed Cf source

Thermal neutron imaging with Ce-doped LiCaAlF₆ crystals has been performed. The prototype of the neutron imager using a Ce-doped LiCaAlF₆ scintillating crystal and a position sensitive photomultiplier tube (PSPMT) which had 64 multi-channel anode was developed. The Ce-doped LiCaAlF₆ single crystal was grown by the Czochralski method. A plate with dimensions of a diameter of 50×2 mm² was cut from the grown crystal, polished, and optically coupled to PSPMT by silicone grease. The ²⁵²Cf source (<1 MBq) was sealed with 43 mm of polyethylene for neutron thermalization. Alphabet-shaped Cd pieces with a thickness of 2 mm were used as a mask for the thermal neutrons. After corrections for the pedestals and gain of each pixel, we successfully obtained two-dimensional neutron images using Ce-doped LiCaAlF₆.     

Crystal growth and characterization of Tm doped mixed rare-earth aluminum perovskite

In this work, we present results of structural characterization and optical properties including radio luminescence of (Lu_xGd_yY_0.99?x?yTm_0.01)AP single crystal scintillators for (x, y) = (0.30, 0.19), (0, 0.19) and (0, 0) grown by the micro-pulling-down (μ-PD) method. The grown crystals were single phase materials with perovskite structure (Pbnm) as confirmed by XRD and had a good crystallinity. The distribution of the crystal constituents in growth direction was evaluated, and significant segregation of Lu and Gd was detected in (Lu_0.30Gd_0.19Y_0.50Tm_0.01)AP sample. The crystals demonstrated 70% transmittance in visible wavelength range and some absorption bands due to Tm³⁺, Gd³⁺ and color centers were exhibited in 190–900 nm. The radioluminescence measurement under X-ray irradiation demonstrated several emission peaks ascribed to 4f–4f transitions of Tm³⁺ and Gd³⁺. The ratio of emission intensity in longer wavelength range was increased when Y was replaced by Lu or Gd.     

Growth and characterization of strontium metaborate scintillators

The undoped and 0.5% Ce³⁺-doped strontium metaborate SrB₂O₄ single crystals has been grown successfully by micro-pulling down method with radio frequency (RF) heating system, and scintillation characteristics including optical properties and radiation response were studied for these crystals. The Ce³⁺-doped SrB₂O₄ crystal showed absorption band around 240–320 nm, which is corresponding to the 4f-5d transition of Ce³⁺. Intense emission band at 375 nm due to the Ce³⁺ 5d–4f transition was observed under ²⁴¹Am 5.5 MeV α-ray excitation. The scintillation decay time showed fast (50 ns) and slow (1430 ns) components ascribed to the Ce³⁺ 5d–4f transition and lattice defect in the crystal, respectively. The scintillation light yield of Ce³⁺-doped SrB₂O₄ was calculated to be about 1000 ph/n under ²⁵²Cf irradiation.     

Crystal growth and scintillation characteristics of the Nd doped LiLuF4 single crystals

Sixty millimeter diameter single crystal of Nd³⁺ doped LiLuF₄ was successfully grown by the Czochralski technique. No remarkable absorption due to unfavorable impurities was observed from optical absorption measurements in the vacuum ultra-violet spectral region. The high crystallinity and homogeneous luminescence characteristics were found from X-ray rocking curve and cathode-ray luminescence respectively. X-ray excited luminescence spectrum was measured and the significant 4f²5d-4f³ luminescence at 182 nm was observed in the grown crystal. The pulse height spectrum was taken upon γ-ray irradiation. As a result, the grown crystals demonstrated sufficient response to the γ-ray showing the light yield of 420 ± 30 photons/MeV. The decay curve under α-ray irradiation was also investigated and described by two component decay kinetics which consists of the decay constants of 34 and 450 ns.