Integrative Cognitive Therapy for Depression: A Preliminary Investigation.

This study is a preliminary investigation of an integrative treatment aimed at improving the efficacy of cognitive therapy (CT) for depression. The development of the treatment protocol was based on process findings, which suggested that strategies used in CT to resolve alliance ruptures may actually exacerbate problems in the therapeutic relationship. The protocol integrates, within the traditional CT treatment manual, procedures to repair alliance ruptures that are derived from or consistent with humanistic and interpersonal therapies. Although conducted by inexperienced therapists, the integrative treatment led to greater improvement than a waiting-list condition. The results also compare favorably to previous findings for CT. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The nature of the prior chemical steps in the electroreduction of Ni(II) from citrate and tartrate media

The elctroreduction of Ni(II) from acidic citrate above pH 1.5 and from tartrate above pH 7 is governed by the rate of a prior chemical step. Analysis of the dependence of the limiting current on pH and the concentration of the hydroxyacid by Koutecky's method leads to establishment of the stoichiometry of the prior chemical steps. In acidic citrate the prior chemical step is the dissociation of NiH₂Cit⁺¹ or the proton assisted dissociation of NiHCit. In alkaline tartrate the prior chemical step is the hydrolytic conversion of NiHTar^?1 to NiH₂Tar. Ammonia also converts the electroinactive species NiTar^?2 in a prior chemical step to the electroactive mixed bis ammine-tartrate complex.     

Vapour pressure of a fragrance ingredient during evaporation in a simple emulsion

The phase diagram water, phenethyl alcohol and laureth 4 was determined and the variation of the vapour pressure of the alcohol was determined during evaporation using gas chromatographic head-space analysis. The phase changes during evaporation were estimated from the phase diagram and compared to the appearance of the emulsion using optical microscopy. The transfer of the fragrance ingredient between different phases during the process was estimated and its measured vapour pressures compared to those calculated from values of earlier determination in different phases in the system. The agreement was good.     

A replicated prospective investigation of life stress, coping, and depressive symptoms in multiple sclerosis

Life stress and coping responses jointly contribute to psychological adjustment in many chronic illness populations, but their significance in multiple sclerosis (MS) has not been extensively investigated. Physical disability, cognitive status, negative life stress, coping strategies, and depressive symptoms were prospectively assessed in 27 adults with definite or probable MS. Of the original subjects, 22 provided two additional assessments at 6-month intervals. After accounting for cognitive status and physical disability, life stress was positively correlated with current as well as future depressive symptoms; the prospective relationship was replicated within the second pair of prospective data waves. Escape avoidance was the only coping strategy that added to the prediction of future mood symptoms, but this was not replicated. Results suggest that MS-related depressive symptoms are a function of prior disease-related impairment, life stress, and possibly escape avoidance coping.     

The electroactive Mo(VI) species in neutral citrate medium

In neutral citrate medium the electroactive Mo(VI) species is the 1:1 complex [MoO₄HCit]^4?. This complex is rather weak, its formation constant at 2°C being ca. 5 × 10². Whereas at 24°C the reaction is sufficiently rapid that the current exhibits a significant kinetic component, at 2°C the equilibrium is effectively frozen and the limiting current is controlled entirely by diffusion of the complex from bulk solution. Of the common hydroxycarboxylic acids, only the α isomers enhance the electroactivity of Mo(VI) under these conditions.     

Theoretical analysis of the optical excitation spectra of silver and gold nanowires

The excitation spectra of linear atomic chains of silver and gold with various sizes have been calculated using time-dependent density functional theory. Silver chains show longitudinal and transverse peaks as well as a low-intensity d-band. The longitudinal peak, corresponding to the HOMO-LUMO transition (along the main axis of the chain), shifts linearly to the red as the length of the system increases, consistent with the particle-in-a-box model. The transverse peak remains at approximately constant energy for all systems studied and corresponds to ∑(m)→Π(m) transitions in the xy plane perpendicular to the chain. As the chain grows, transitions arising from d orbitals contribute to the transverse peak, which affects its oscillator strength. Contrary to silver, gold chains display a strong d-band that converges to a distinct pattern at a chain length of about twelve atoms. The transitions involved in the d-band originate from localized d-orbitals with a d(z(2)) character since they have the right symmetry to give transitions into the LUMO, LUMO + 1, …, which have ∑ symmetry. Transitions arising from these localized d-orbitals also affect the position of the longitudinal peak and generate a wide transverse band. Although the majority of the transitions involved in the transverse band have a d∑→Π or dΠ→∑ character, they are hidden by much stronger excitations of dΠ→Π character in gold nanowires.     

Vapour pressures of phenethyl alcohol and limonene in systems with water and Laureth 4

The vapour pressures of phenethyl alcohol and limonene in their water-in-oil microemulsion region were measured by head space gas chromatography of equilibrated samples. The results showed that the vapour pressure of both fragrance compounds in their mutual solutions without surfactant or water was significantly greater than that in ideal solutions. The high vapour pressure of phenethyl alcohol in such solutions was strongly reduced by addition of the surfactant, Laureth 4, a commercial nonionic surfactant, approximately teteraethylene glycol dodecyl ether. Saturation of the solutions with water gave a further reduction in the vapour pressure. The high vapour pressure of limonene was not influenced to a corresponding degree; in fact, only a small influence was found. The results were interpreted as resulting from differences in intermolecular interactions due to location of the fragrance compounds in different parts of the colloidal association structures.     

Change of amphiphilic association structures during evaporation from emulsions in surfactant-fragrance-water systems

The phase diagrams of a nonionic surfactant (Laureth 4), water, and three different fragrance compounds, limonene, phenethyl alcohol and benzaldehyde, were compared. The location of the fragrance molecules in the lamellar liquid crystals (LLC) was investigated using the small-angle X-ray diffraction. The evaporation processes of the fragrance emulsions, consisting of 80 wt.% water, 15 wt.% fragrance and 5 wt.% surfactant, were followed both experimentally through an optical microscope, and theoretically through calculation based on the knowledge of the vapour pressure of the fragrance along the demixing line of the water-in-oil microemulsion (L(2)) phase boundary. Evaporation of the phenethyl alcohol emulsion led the system directly into the L(2) phase region, with very little phenethyl alcohol evaporated in 20 min. For the limonene system, during evaporation the system experienced several multi-phase regions, then reached the water-surfactant axis, and finally went into the L(2) phase region. By contrast to phenethyl alcohol, limonene evaporated completely within 10 min. Benzaldehyde emulsion went through structural changes similar to those of limonene, while the fragrance evaporated continuously until completion in 20 min.