Reply to Lantz.

Responds to criticism by C. E. Lantz (see record 1984-25697-001) regarding the present author's (see record 1983-13109-001) identification of Calvinism as a philosophy that impedes primary prevention efforts involving social change. The illness model of mental disorders is thought to be supportive of this philosophy. (13 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Role conflicts in psychology and their implications for a reevaluation of training models.

For 25 years training in clinical psychology has followed the Boulder model, attempting to make the clinical psychologist both a scientist and a professional. In this paper arguments are advanced which suggest that it is usually difficult and frequently impossible to make the same person into both a scientist and a professional. Science abhors secrecy, but professionals must keep their knowledge secret. Differences exist in personality characteristics in individuals attracted to the science or the profession. Training requirements are clearly different. Readiness to participate in social and political action also differentiates the groups. For these and other reasons the authors advance the argument that separate professional training schools for psychology must be established, following the historically evolving model provided by other professions. A division of training of psychologists in scientific and professional work may have beneficial effects by eliminating role conflicts in the professional and by making clear the essential division of labor. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Review of Madness and government: Who cares for the mentally ill?.

Reviews the book, Madness and government: Who cares for the mentally ill? by Emory A. Foley and Steven S. Sharfstein (1983). This book is a fascinating factual account of the struggle to develop community intervention alternatives to the 100-year domination of the state hospital system in the United States. It is the story of the efforts of "Washington's Noble Conspirators," who struggled for more than 20 years after World War II to expand the amount of federal support of medical research, to get federal money into the care of people with mental disorders, and to obtain federal support for the training of mental health personnel and research into the whole area of mental health. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Review of Developments in the Rorschach technique.

Reviews the book, Developments in the Rorschach technique Vol. 1. Technique and theory by Mary D Ainsworth, Robert R. Holt, Bruno Klopfer, and Walter G. Klopfer (see record 1954-07533-000). There is something for everyone in this first volume of a two-volume work on the Rorschach. Probably the primary use of the book will be as a teaching manual for students learning the mechanics of scoring and the feeling for interpretation, but even experienced users of the technique may read with profit the sections on theory and interpretation. The sections on administration and scoring are written clearly and numerous examples are provided to clarify scoring problems. There is some clarification of methods of scoring shading responses though these distinctions are likely to continue to be frustrating to students. Ten popular responses are listed-the same ones as twelve years ago, and a slightly different list from that offered by other experts. The form-level rating procedure, an attempt to give a numerical score for each percept reflecting its accuracy, will continue to baffle statisticians and others with a bias against adding, subtracting, and averaging cabbages and kings. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Toward a just society: Lessons from observations on the primary prevention of psychopathology.

Discusses an important distinction that should be maintained between preventive efforts to reduce psychopathology and those aimed at improving public health. It is argued that many mental conditions are not discrete diseases; they are often learned patterns of socially deviant behavior or idiosyncratic thought that result from stress, powerlessness, and exploitation. Prevention efforts aimed at reducing psychopathology will often require social change and a redistribution of power. Efforts to change the power structure and to reduce social class inequalities are opposed by persons who accept (1) the belief that class differences are natural and even desirable from a social Darwinian perspective and (2) the "just world" belief that says that people deserve whatever happens to them. Prevention workers are more likely to accept the fatalistic view that people, only through their own political efforts, can improve the quality of life for most of humankind if they accept the fact that there is no "divine plan" and that evolution has no goal. (34 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The future of psychotherapy.

This "article" contains two blank pages, as an indication of G. W. Albee's concerns about the future of psychotherapy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Mutational analysis of photosystem I polypeptides. Role of PsaD and the lysyl 106 residue in the reductase activity of the photosystem I

The ADC4 mutant of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 was studied to determine the structural and functional consequences of the absence of PsaD in photosystem I. Isolated ADC4 membranes were shown to be deficient in ferredoxin-mediated NADP(+) reduction, even though charge separation between P700 and FA/FB occurred with high efficiency. Unlike the wild type, FB became preferentially photoreduced when ADC4 membranes were illuminated at 15 K, and the EPR line shapes were relatively broad. Membrane fragments oriented in two dimensions on thin mylar films showed that the g tensor axes of FA- and FB- were identical in the ADC4 and wild type strains, implying that PsaC is oriented similarly on the reaction center. PsaC and the FA/FB iron-sulfur clusters are lost more readily from the ADC4 membranes after treatment with Triton X-100 or chaotropic agents, implying a stabilizing role for PsaD. The specific role of Lys106 of PsaD, which can be crosslinked to Glu93 of ferredoxin (Lelong et al. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 10034-10039), was probed by site-directed mutagenesis. Chemical cross-linking and protease treatment experiments did not reveal any drastic alterations in the conformation of the mutant PsaD proteins. The EPR spectra of FA and FB in membranes of the Lys106 mutants were similar to those of the wild type. Membranes of all Lys106 mutants showed wild type rates of flavodoxin reduction and flavodoxin-mediated NADP+ reduction, but had 10-54% decrease in the ferredoxin-mediated NADP+ reduction rates. This implies that Lys106 is a dispensable component of the docking site on the reducing side of photosystem I and an ionic interaction between Lys106 of PsaD and Glu93 of ferredoxin is not essential for electron transfer to ferredoxin. These results demonstrate that PsaD serves distinct roles in modulating the EPR spectral characteristics of FA and FB, in stabilizing PsaC on the reaction center, and in facilitating ferredoxin-mediated NADP+ photoreduction on the reducing side of photosystem I.     

"The uncertain future of clinical psychology": Erratum.

Presents an error in the original article by G. W. Albee (American Psychologist, 1970 [Dec], Vol 25[12], 1071–2080; see record 1971-08263-001). The following incorrect statement appears on page 1077, lines 15–27: "…the American Medical Association has relinquished its tax-exempt status in order to participate actively in attempts at influencing legislation…' The American Medical Association has never relinquished its Sec. 501(c) (6) tax-exempt status and continues in this category to this date. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The uncertain future of clinical psychology.

Examines the forces operating to inhibit the growth of clinical psychology, including the location of clinical training in the graduate school, the incompatibilities between a science and a profession, and the inappropriateness of the psychiatric setting and medical model. Consideration of the cost of viable alternatives includes 4 possible courses: (a) perpetuation of the Boulder model, (b) development of separate professional schools of psychology, (c) effecting a new liaison with another major profession, and (d) abandonment of clinical psychology as a separate field. Because of the difficulties in financing professional training, and the impending increased demand for teachers of psychology, it is concluded that clinical psychology, as it has developed, may decline in strength and importance for the next few years. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

To thine own self be true.

Comments on M. L. Meltzer's (1975) article on insurance reimbursement for psychological treatment and argues that the illness model of mental disorders may wrongly allow psychologists to receive 3rd-party payments. This illness model should be abandoned, since the best scenario for psychologists would be no 3rd-party payments, thus focusing efforts on primary prevention. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)