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1.
The dehydroalkylation of toluene with ethane to the isomeric ethyltoluenes was studied on 0.4Pt/H-ZSM-5 at varying contact
times (1/WHSV). At a high contact time of 1.0 h, toluene disproportionation and hydrogenolysis reactions dominate, resulting
in low selectivity to the desired ethyltoluenes via the alkylation reaction. However, at a low contact time of 0.12 h side
reactions are eliminated, resulting in maximum selectivities to the kinetically favored ethyltoluenes and hydrogen. Results
at high selectivities to ethyltoluenes provide significant insight into reaction pathways. 相似文献
2.
Akbar Eslami Simin Nasseri Bahram Yadollahi Alireza Mesdaghinia Foroogh Vaezi Ramin Nabizadeh Shahrokh Nazmara 《Journal of chemical technology and biotechnology (Oxford, Oxfordshire : 1986)》2008,83(11):1447-1453
BACKGROUND: Over the past several decades methyl tert‐butyl ether (MTBE) as additive to gasoline, intended to either boost ratings of fuel or to reduce air pollution, has been accepted worldwide. Since MTBE has high water solubility, the occurrence of fuel spills or leaks from underground storage tanks or transferring pipeline has led to the contamination of natural waters. In this study the degradation of aqueous MTBE at relatively high concentrations was investigated by a UV‐visible/ZnO/H2O2 photocatalytic process. The effects of important operational parameters such as pH, amount of H2O2, catalyst loading and irradiation time were also investigated. Concentration of MTBE and intermediates such as tert‐butyl formate and tert‐butyl alcohol were measured. RESULTS: Time required for complete degradation increased from 20 to 150 min when the initial concentration was increased from 10 to 500 mg L?1. The first‐order rate constants for degradation of MTBE were estimated to be 0.183–0.022 min?1 as the concentration increased from 10 to 500 mg L?1. Study of the overall mineralization monitored by total organic carbon analysis showed that at an initial concentration of 100 mg L?1 MTBE complete mineralization was obtained after 100 min under UV‐visible/ZnO/H2O2 photocatalysis. CONCLUSION: The data presented in this paper clearly indicated that UV‐visible/ZnO/O2 as an advanced oxidation process provides an efficient treatment alternative for the remediation of MTBE‐contaminated waters. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
3.
Meng T Entezari A Smith B Möller T Weiskopf D Kirkpatrick AE 《IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics》2011,17(10):1420-1432
The Body-Centered Cubic (BCC) and Face-Centered Cubic (FCC) lattices have been analytically shown to be more efficient sampling lattices than the traditional Cartesian Cubic (CC) lattice, but there has been no estimate of their visual comparability. Two perceptual studies (each with N = 12 participants) compared the visual quality of images rendered from BCC and FCC lattices to images rendered from the CC lattice. Images were generated from two signals: the commonly used Marschner-Lobb synthetic function and a computed tomography scan of a fish tail. Observers found that BCC and FCC could produce images of comparable visual quality to CC, using 30-35 percent fewer samples. For the images used in our studies, the L(2) error metric shows high correlation with the judgement of human observers. Using the L(2) metric as a proxy, the results of the experiments appear to extend across a wide range of images and parameter choices. 相似文献
4.
SeyedMehrdad Hosseini Alireza Fatehi Tor Arne Johansen Ali Khaki Sedigh 《Journal of Process Control》2012,22(9):1732-1742
This paper provides a systematic method for model bank selection in multi-linear model analysis for nonlinear systems by presenting a new algorithm which incorporates a nonlinearity measure and a modified gap based metric. This algorithm is developed for off-line use, but can be implemented for on-line usage. Initially, the nonlinearity measure analysis based on the higher order statistic (HOS) and the linear cross correlation methods are used for decomposing the total operating space into several regions with linear models. The resulting linear models are then used to construct the primary model bank. In order to avoid unnecessary linear local models in the primary model bank, a gap based metric is introduced and applied in order to merge similar linear local models. In order to illustrate the usefulness of the proposed algorithm, two simulation examples are presented: a pH neutralization plant and a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR). 相似文献
5.
The flow-induced motion(FIM)of an elastically mounted square-section cylinder is experimentally investigated over a wide range of Reynolds numbers(1.5×104<Re<7.... 相似文献
6.
7.
Error propagation analysis is one of the main objectives of fault injection experiments. This analysis helps designers to detect design mistakes and to provide effective mechanisms for fault tolerant systems. However, error propagation analysis requires that the chosen fault injection technique provides a high degree of observability (i.e., the ability to observe the internal values and events of a circuit after a fault is injected). Simulation-based fault injection provides a high observability adequate for error propagation analysis. However, the performance of the simulation-based technique is inadequate to handle today’s hardware complexity. As an alternative, FPGA-based fault injection can be used to accelerate the fault injection experiments, but the communication time needed for observing the circuit behavior from outside of the FPGA imposes severe limitations on the observability. In this paper, an observation technique for FPGA-based fault injection is proposed which significantly reduces the communication time as compared with previous scan-based observation techniques. Furthermore, this paper describes a SEU-fault injection technique based on a chain of parallel registers which reduces the time needed for injecting SEU faults as compared to the previous scan-based fault-injection techniques. As a case study, a 32-bit pipelined processor has been used in the fault injection experiments. The experimental results show that when a high degree of observability is required (e.g., error propagation analysis), the proposed fault injection technique is over 1166 times faster than simulation-based fault injection, whereas the traditional scan-based technique can achieve only a speedup of about 2–3 – which means that the proposed technique is about 500 times faster than the traditional scan-based technique. Such results are supported by theoretical performance analysis. This speed increase has been achieved without excessive increase in FPGA resource overhead, for example, the FPGA overhead of the proposed technique is only 2 3% higher than that of the traditional scan-based technique. 相似文献
8.
Alireza Andalib 《Photonic Network Communications》2018,35(3):392-396
In this paper we are going to propose an all-optical structure for implementing Galois field adder. To do so, we will use four optical XOR gates. The working principle of the proposed structure is based on destructive interference of optical waves. By choosing different lengths for the input waveguides, 180\(^\circ \) of phase difference will be generated between the optical waves. In the final structure, the normalized power for logic 0 and 1 at the output ports was 1 and 45%. Time delay of the proposed structure is about 1.5 ps. 相似文献
9.
Attila Kormnyos Egon Kecsenovity Alireza Honarfar Tnu Pullerits Csaba Janky 《Advanced functional materials》2020,30(31)
In this study, the photoelectrochemical behavior of electrodeposited FeNiOOH/Fe2O3/graphene nanohybrid electrodes is investigated, which has precisely controlled structure and composition. The photoelectrode assembly is designed in a bioinspired manner where each component has its own function: Fe2O3 is responsible for the absorption of light, the graphene framework for proper charge carrier transport, while the FeNiOOH overlayer for facile water oxidation. The effect of each component on the photoelectrochemical behavior is studied by linear sweep photovoltammetry, incident photon‐to‐charge carrier conversion efficiency measurements, and long‐term photoelectrolysis. 2.6 times higher photocurrents are obtained for the best‐performing FeNiOOH/Fe2O3/graphene system compared to its pristine Fe2O3 counterpart. Transient absorption spectroscopy measurements reveal an increased hole‐lifetime in the case of the Fe2O3/graphene samples. Long‐term photoelectrolysis measurements in combination with Raman spectroscopy, however, prove that the underlying nanocarbon framework is corroded by the photogenerated holes. This issue is tackled by the electrodeposition of a thin FeNiOOH overlayer, which rapidly accepts the photogenerated holes from Fe2O3, thus eliminating the pathway leading to the corrosion of graphene. 相似文献
10.
Embedded benzocyclobutene in silicon: An integrated fabrication process for electrical and thermal isolation in MEMS 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Alireza Modafe 《Microelectronic Engineering》2005,82(2):154-167
This paper reports a novel fabrication process to develop planarized isolated islands of benzocyclobutene (BCB) polymer embedded in a silicon substrate. Embedded BCB in silicon (EBiS) can be used as an alternative to silicon dioxide in fabrication of electrostatic micromotors, microgenerators, and other microelectromechanical devices. EBiS takes advantage of the low dielectric constant and thermal conductivity of BCB polymers to develop electrical and thermal isolation integrated in silicon. The process involves conventional microfabrication techniques such as photolithography, deep reactive ion etching, and chemical mechanical planarization (CMP). We have characterized CMP of BCB polymers in detail since CMP is a key step in EBiS process. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and elipsometry of blanket BCB films before and after CMP show that higher polishing down force pressure and speed lead to higher removal rate at the expense of higher surface roughness, non-uniformity, and scratch density. This is expected since BCB is a softer material compared to inorganic films such as silicon dioxide. We have observed that as the cure temperature of BCB increases beyond 200 °C, the CMP removal rate decreases drastically. The results from optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and optical profilometry show excellent planarized surfaces on the EBiS islands. An average step height reduction of more than 95% was achieved after two BCB deposition and three CMP steps. 相似文献