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1.
Arnulf Matting 《Nuclear Engineering and Design》1997,176(1-2)
In Germany, all radioactive materials are controlled from their origin to their final disposal or release. This is in accordance with the IAEA draft Convention on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management. A Waste Control System has been developed and is now available. Although the IAEA and EU regulations allow disposal outside the country of origin this philosophy is not in compliance with the present German disposal concept. As a consequence, Germany will not grant licences for the import of radioactive waste for final disposal or for export for disposal in a foreign country. Thus, unconditional clearance is a prerequisite if the final destination is outside Germany. However, Germany will closely follow all international developments in the field of radioactive waste disposal. 相似文献
2.
Florian A. Schmid J. Koudy Williams Thomas M. Kessler Arnulf Stenzl Wilhelm K. Aicher Karl-Erik Andersson Daniel Eberli 《International journal of molecular sciences》2021,22(8)
Urinary incontinence (UI) is a major problem in health care and more than 400 million people worldwide suffer from involuntary loss of urine. With an increase in the aging population, UI is likely to become even more prominent over the next decades and the economic burden is substantial. Among the different subtypes of UI, stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is the most prevalent and focus of this review. The main underlying causes for SUI are pregnancy and childbirth, accidents with direct trauma to the pelvis or medical treatments that affect the pelvic floor, such as surgery or irradiation. Conservative approaches for the treatment of SUI are pelvic physiotherapy, behavioral and lifestyle changes, and the use of pessaries. Current surgical treatment options include slings, colposuspensions, bulking agents and artificial urinary sphincters. These treatments have limitations with effectiveness and bear the risk of long-term side effects. Furthermore, surgical options do not treat the underlying pathophysiological causes of SUI. Thus, there is an urgent need for alternative treatments, which are effective, minimally invasive and have only a limited risk for adverse effects. Regenerative medicine is an emerging field, focusing on the repair, replacement or regeneration of human tissues and organs using precursor cells and their components. This article critically reviews recent advances in the therapeutic strategies for the management of SUI and outlines future possibilities and challenges. 相似文献
3.
Activities of NiO were measured in the oxide and spinel solutions of the system MnO–NiO–Al2 O3 at 1300° and 1400° C with the aim of deriving information on the thermodynamic properties of the spinel phases. Synthetic samples in selected phase assemblages of the system were equilibrated with metallic nickel and a gas phase of known oxygen partial pressures at a total pressure of 1 atm. The data on NiO activities and directions of conjugation lines between coexisting oxide and spinel phases were used to establish the activity–composition relations in spinel solid solutions at 1300° and 1400°C. The MnAl2 O4 –NiAl2 O4 solid solutions exhibit considerable negative deviations from ideality at these temperatures. The free energy of formation of MnAl2 O4 from its oxide components (MnO + Al2 O3 ) at 1300° and 1400°C is calculated to be −24.97 and −26.56 kJ. mol−1 , respectively. The activities determined in the stoichiometric spinel solid solutions are more negative as compared with those predicted from cation distribution models. 相似文献
4.
The solubility and activity–composition relations of chromium oxide in melts of the systems CaO–CrO x –SiO2 and CaO–Al2 O3 –CrO x –SiO2 have been determined at 1500°C by equilibrating melts with Pt–Cr alloys at known oxygen pressures. It is shown that the increase in the concentration of divalent chromium ions, as the oxygen pressure and the basicity of melt decrease, results in a dramatic increase in the solubility of chromium oxide in the liquid phase. An increase in the Al2 O3 content of the melt leads to a decrease in the solubility of chromium oxide over the whole composition range studied. The activity coefficient of CrO has been found to increase with increasing melt basicity and decreasing oxygen pressure whereas the activity coefficient of CrO1.5 decreases sharply with increasing melt basicity for siliceous melts but levels off at a basicity ratio (wt% CaO/wt% SiO2 ) of about 0.7. An increase in the Al2 O3 content of the melts results in an increase in the activity coefficient of CrO. 相似文献
5.
Rapid Determination of Free Fatty Acid in Extra Virgin Olive Oil by Raman Spectroscopy and Multivariate Analysis 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Rasha M. El-Abassy Patrice Donfack Arnulf Materny 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2009,86(6):507-511
We introduce a visible Raman spectroscopic method for determining the free fatty acid (FFA) content of extra virgin olive
oil with the aid of multivariate analysis. Oleic acid was used to increase the FFA content in extra virgin olive oil up to
0.80% in order to extend the calibration span. For calibration purposes, titration was carried out to determine the concentration
of FFA for the investigated oil samples. As calibration model for the FFA content (FFA%), a partial least squares (PLS) regression
was applied. The accuracy of the Raman calibration model was estimated using the root mean square error (RMSE) of calibration
and validation and the correlation coefficient (R
2) between actual and predicted values. The calibration curve of actual FFA% obtained by titration versus predicted values
based on Raman spectra was established for different spectral regions. The spectral window (945–1600 cm−1), which includes carotenoid bands, was found to be a useful fingerprint region being statistically significant for the prediction
of the FFA%. High R
2 and small RMSE values for calibration and validation could be obtained, respectively. 相似文献
6.
Measuring of temperatures at different distances from the surface of the guide rollers without inside cooling in the secondary cooling zone of slab caster. Computation of the temperature field of the rollers and the flows of heat into and out of the rollers by using mathematical models. Discussion about the influence of the length of the strand and the cooling conditions. Comparison with the heat transfer by spray cooling. 相似文献
7.
Die Untersuchung stationärer und instationärer Zustände beim Sequenzgießen auf einer Brammenstranggießanlage hat Informationen über die wichtigsten Einflußparameter auf den Ablauf der Vermischungsvorgänge geliefert. Je nach betrieblichen Gegebenheiten und Erfordernissen können Gießstrategien zur Abflachung oder Aufrichtung der vermischungsbedingten Konzentrationsverläufe im festen Strang angewendet werden. Die modellmäßige Beschreibung der Mischvorgänge wurde unter vereinfachenden Annahmen und erster Näherung nach dem Konzept der Kaskade mit seriellen Mischzellen vorgenommen. Es ist zu erwarten, daß die Mischvorgänge beim Stranggießen in Zukunft wegen steigender Ansprüche an die Gleichmäßigkeit des Produktes im Mittelpunkt von Entwicklungsarbeiten stehen werden. 相似文献
8.
Pontine cat is an ectothermic preparation, whose central temperature can artificially be lowered from 36 degrees C to 26 degrees C; this gradual hypothermia is accompanied by a dramatic increase in paradoxical sleep (PS). Two main hypotheses might explain this result: executive systems of PS might be switched on gradually by cold-sensitive thermodetectors, whereas inhibitory monoaminergic mechanisms appear to be warm-sensitive. On the other hand, energy saving mechanisms peculiar to hypothermia might promote PS appearance. Indeed, in normal animals, PS is selectively suppressed both by hyperthermia and hypoxia. The inhibitory effect of hypoxia might explain why hypothermia, which protects the brain against hypoxic alterations, might facilitate PS. If this last hypothesis is correct, the putative increase in cerebral oxygen supply might increase PS. For this reason, we submitted eight pontine carotid-deafferented cats, kept at the same central temperature (34 +/- 0.5 degrees C: temperature clamp) to periodic hyperoxia (PaO2 = 58 +/- 7 kPa) or room air (PaO2 = 17 +/- 2 kPa) alternatively during 4- or 12-h periods. Hyperoxia induced an 85% increase in PS, mainly due to an increase in PS rhythm (PS cycle duration was 65 +/- 4 min in normoxia and 45 +/- 4 min in hyperoxia, p<0.0001). In five animals, after hyperoxia, PS cycle returned gradually back to control values in 4 to 12 h. These findings show that PS is exquisitely sensitive to conditions that impair oxidative metabolism. The role of cholinergic executive PS systems as putative metabolic-sensitive neurons remains to be established. 相似文献
9.
Fentz AK Spörl M Spangenberg J List HJ Zornig C Dörner A Layer P Juhl H David KA 《Proteomics. Clinical applications》2007,1(6):536-544
Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death, and it develops from benign colorectal adenomas in over 95% of patients. Early detection of these cancer precursors by screening tests and their removal can potentially eradicate more than 95% of colorectal cancers before they develop. To discover sensitive and specific biomarkers for improvement of pre‐clinical diagnosis of colorectal adenoma and cancer, we analysed in two independent studies (n = 87 and n = 83 patients) serum samples from colorectal cancer (stage III), colorectal adenoma and control patients using SELDI‐TOF‐MS. Extensive statistical analysis was performed to establish homogeneous patient groups based on their clinical data. Two biomarkers that were each able to distinguish control patients from either colorectal adenoma or colorectal cancer patients (p<0.001) were identified as transthyretin (pre‐albumin) and C3a‐desArg by MS/MS and were further validated by antibody‐based assays (radial immunodiffusion, ELISA). A combination of both proteins clearly indicated the presence of colorectal adenoma or carcinoma. Using a cut‐off of <0.225 g/L for transthyretin and >1974 ng/mL for C3a‐desArg, we found a sensitivity and specificity for colorectal adenoma of 96% and 70%, respectively. 相似文献
10.
Stephan Kruck Christian Eyrich Marcus Scharpf Karl-Dietrich Sievert Falco Fend Arnulf Stenzl Jens Bedke 《International journal of molecular sciences》2013,14(6):10944-10957
In renal cell carcinoma (RCC), single members of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling cascade were recently identified to contribute to cancer progression. However, the role of Wnt1, one of the key ligands in β-catenin regulation, is currently unknown in RCC. Therefore, alterations of the Wnt1/β-catenin axis in clear cell RCC (ccRCC) were examined with regard to clinicopathology, overall survival (OS) and cancer specific survival (CSS). Corresponding ccRCCs and benign renal tissue were analyzed in 278 patients for Wnt1 and β-catenin expression by immunohistochemistry in tissue microarrays. Expression scores, including intensity and percentage of stained cells, were compared between normal kidney and ccRCCs. Data was categorized according to mean expression scores and correlated to tumor and patients’ characteristics. Survival was analyzed according to the Kaplan-Meier and log-rank test. Univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to explore the independent prognostic value of Wnt1 and β-catenin. In ccRCCs, high Wnt1 was associated with increased tumor diameter, stage and vascular invasion (p ≤ 0.02). High membranous β-catenin was associated with advanced stage, vascular invasion and tumor necrosis (p ≤ 0.01). Higher diameter, stage, node involvement, grade, vascular invasion and sarcomatoid differentiation (p ≤ 0.01) were found in patients with high cytoplasmic β-catenin. Patients with a high cytoplasmic β-catenin had a significantly reduced OS (hazard ratio (HR) 1.75) and CSS (HR 2.26), which was not independently associated with OS and CSS after adjustment in the multivariable model. Increased ccRCC aggressiveness was reflected by an altered Wnt1/β-catenin signaling. Cytoplasmic β-catenin was identified as the most promising candidate associated with unfavorable clinicopathology and impaired survival. Nevertheless, the shift of membranous β-catenin to the cytoplasm with a subsequently increased nuclear expression, as shown for other malignancies, could not be demonstrated to be present in ccRCC. 相似文献