Effect of Ni on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of CrMnFeCoNi High Entropy Alloy

The effect of Ni content on microstructure and mechanical properties of the CrMnFeCoNi high entropy alloy (HEA) has been studied. The Ni content varied from 0 to 20 at% in the composition (CrMnFeMn)_100?xNi_x, where x?=?0, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, and 20 at%. The alloys were synthesized by vacuum arc melting and the microstructure as well as hardness of the as-cast alloys were studied. Alloys with low Ni content (x?≤?2.5%) consists of a two-phase microstructure of dendritic and inter-dendritic regions with fcc (matrix) and tetragonal (sigma) crystal structure, respectively. When the Ni content is 5 at%, two-phase structure with fcc (matrix) and bcc (secondary phase) is observed, with the addition of Mn-rich inclusions that are present in the entire matrix. Alloys with higher Ni content (x?≥?10, at%) exhibit a single phase of fcc structure. Hardness of the HEAs decreases from 320 to 120 Hv with increase in Ni content, and the high hardness of these alloys with low Ni content is due to the mixture of both fcc and hard tetragonal (sigma) phases.

     

Prison crowding: Searching for the functional correlates.

Comments that the relationship between high population density and negative adaptations in prison is not as conclusive as asserted by V. C. Cox et al (see record 1985-28931-001) and that their dismissal of an attributional model in favor of a social-interaction demand model to account for the data is too hasty. On the basis of research citations, it is concluded that prison crowding does not necessarily produce detrimental effects and that when such effects are observed, functional factors must be addressed to bring about changes. (17 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Models for hydrologic design of evapotranspiration landfill covers

The technology used in landfill covers is changing, and an alternative cover called the evapotranspiration (ET) landfill cover is coming into use. Important design requirements are prescribed by Federal rules and regulations for conventional landfill covers but not for ET landfill covers. There is no accepted hydrologic model for ET landfill cover design. This paper describes ET cover requirements and design issues, and assesses the accuracy of the EPIC and HELP hydrologic models when used for hydrologic design of ET covers. We tested the models against high-quality field measurements available from lysimeters maintained by the Agricultural Research Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture at Coshocton, Ohio, and Bushland, Texas. The HELP model produced substantial errors in estimating hydrologic variables. The EPIC model estimated ET and deep percolation with errors less than 7% and 5%, respectively, and accurately matched extreme events with an error of less than 2% of precipitation. The EPIC model is suitable for use in hydrologic design of ET landfill covers.     

Radiochemical study of the radical copolymerization of styrene and methyl methacrylate

The rates of initiation for the copolymerization of styrene and methyl methacrylate at 50°, in different reaction media (bulk, acetone, dimethylformamide and dioxane) have been determined by using the isotopic labelling technique (¹⁴C - azobisisobutyronitrile). For all mixtures, except dioxane, the experimental data do not support the linear interpolation of the initiation rates, which is usually adopted in literature. In the whole range of monomer feed compositions, any modification of the reaction medium causes a relevant change of the initiation rate, so that the overall pattern is markedly modified. The strongest solvent effect is given by dioxane, which reduces the initiation rates for all monomer mixtures.The radioactive tracer method also enables the determination of the modes of termination, which occur almost exclusively by combination for monomer feed compositions up to about 70 molar % of methyl methacrylate. The $\text{P}\text{?}{}_{\mathrm{w}}\text{P}\text{?}{}_{\mathrm{n}}$ ratios obtained by g.p.c. confirm the general trend of the termination mechanisms as a function of monomer mixture and reaction medium.     

Production of inflammatory mediators by human macrophages obtained from ascites

Ascites is a readily available source of human macrophages (M phi), which can be used to study M phi functions in vitro. We characterized the mediators of inflammation produced by human peritoneal M phi (hp-M phi) obtained from patients with portal hypertension and ascites. The production of the cytokines interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) was found to be lipopolysaccharide (LPS) concentration dependent (0-10 micrograms/ml) with a maximal production at 10 micrograms/ml and also dependent on the time of exposure to the stimulus (0-36 h). IL-1 beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha production after LPS administration reached a plateau at 24 h. In vitro stimulation for 24 h with LPS does not influence the eicosanoid production from endogenous arachidonate. 13 min of exposure of the cells to the calcium ionophore A23187 gives a significant increase in eicosanoid production from both exogenous and endogenous arachidonate. The main eicosanoids produced are the 5-lipoxgenase products LTB4 and 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE). The increase in production of the other eicosanoids is not significant. The eicosanoid production depends on the stimulus concentration. The optimal A23187 concentration is 1 microM. Oxygen radical production was measured in the M phi by a flowcytometric method. The fluorescence intensity of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate stimulated and dihydro-rhodamine 123 loaded hp-M phi increases significantly after 15 min. We conclude that LPS stimulation of hp-M phi from liver disease results in similar production of IL-1 beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha, but that the profile of the eicosanoid production of these M phi stimulated with LPS and A23187 differs from M phi of other origin and species.     

Cooperation and competition in peaceful societies.

Most of the world's nonviolent societies base their peaceful worldviews on cooperation and an opposition to competition. Although they have nurturant, affiliative societies, many raise their children to be hesitant and fearful about the intentions of others so that they will internalize nonviolent values and never take their peacefulness, or that of others, for granted. The children in these societies lack competitive games; although they are loved as babies, by the time they are 2 or 3 years old. they are made to feel no more important than others. These societies devalue achievement because it leads to competition and aggressiveness, which leads to violence they feel. Their rituals reinforce their cooperative. harmonious beliefs and behaviors. They have internalized their peaceful, cooperative values so that their psychological structures accord with their beliefs in nonviolence. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Electrochemical characterization of ortho and meta-nitrotoluene derivatives in different electrolytic media. Free radical formation

This paper reports a comprehensive study by tast polarography, d.p.p., and cyclic voltammetry on the electrochemical reduction in different electrolytic media of ortho- and meta-nitrotoluene derivatives. Controlled potential electrolysis was used to generate the nitro radical anions and its detection by cyclic voltammetry and UV–Vis spectroscopy was performed. In protic media (30% ethanol/0.1 M Britton–Robinson buffer pH 2–12) both derivatives gave a sharp irreversible well-defined peak in all the pH range on Hg in a reaction involving four electrons to give the hydroxylamine derivative. In this medium meta-nitrotoluene is easier reduced in approximately 80 mV than that of the ortho-nitrotoluene. In mixed aqueous organic media (0.015 M aqueous citrate/DMF: 60:40, 0.3 M KCl and 0.1 M TBAI) at pH>8, the isolation and the electrochemical characterization of the one-electron reduction product, the nitro radical anion was achieved. At a 1 mM of nitrotoluene concentration, the average dismutation second-order rate constant values, k₂, were: 11,000±170 and 6900±72 M⁻¹ s⁻¹ for ortho-and meta-nitrotoluene, respectively. In aprotic media (0.1 M TBAI in DMF), the nitro radical anions were more stable than that of mixed media, with the following dismutation second-order rate constant values, k₂: 5800±35 and 4700±42 M⁻¹ s⁻¹ for ortho- and meta-nitrotoluene, respectively. Also, a comparison between nitrotoluene derivatives and some nitrocompounds of pharmacological relevance relating the effects of substituents on nitrobenzene and the electrolytic media composition on both the easiness of formation and stability of radicals is presented.     

Rehabilitating criminal justice policy and practice.

For over 30 years, criminal justice policy has been dominated by a “get tough” approach to offenders. Increasing punitive measures have failed to reduce criminal recidivism and instead have led to a rapidly growing correctional system that has strained government budgets. The inability of reliance on official punishment to deter crime is understandable within the context of the psychology of human conduct. However, this knowledge was largely ignored in the quest for harsher punishment. A better option for dealing with crime is to place greater effort on the rehabilitation of offenders. In particular, programs that adhere to the Risk-Need-Responsivity (RNR) model have been shown to reduce offender recidivism by up to 35%. The model describes: a) who should receive services (moderate and higher risk cases), b) the appropriate targets for rehabilitation services (criminogenic needs), and c) the powerful influence strategies for reducing criminal behavior (cognitive social learning). Although the RNR model is well known in the correctional field it is less well known, but equally relevant, for forensic, clinical, and counseling psychology. The paper summarizes the empirical base to RNR along with implications for research, policy, and practice. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)