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1.
The role of words and gestures in guiding infants' inductive inferences about nonobvious properties was examined. One hundred seventy-two 14-month-olds and 22-month-olds were presented with novel target objects followed by test objects that varied in similarity to the target. Objects were introduced with a novel word or a novel gesture or with no label. When target and test objects were highly similar in shape, both 14- and 22-month-olds inferred that these objects shared a nonobvious property, regardless of whether the objects were labeled with a word or a gesture or with no label. When objects were labeled with the same word, both 14- and 22-month-olds generalized the nonobvious properties to objects that shared minimal perceptual similarity. Finally, when objects were labeled with the same gesture, 14-month-olds, but not 22-month-olds, generalized the nonobvious properties to objects that shared minimal perceptual similarity. These results indicate that 14-month-olds possess a more generalized symbolic system as they will rely on both words and gestures to guide their inferences. By 22-months of age, infants treat words as a privileged referential form when making inductive inferences. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
2.
To improve the performance of scientific applications with parallel loops, dynamic loop scheduling methods have been proposed.
Such methods address performance degradations due to load imbalance caused by predictable phenomena like nonuniform data distribution
or algorithmic variance, and unpredictable phenomena such as data access latency or operating system interference. In particular,
methods such as factoring, weighted factoring, adaptive weighted factoring, and adaptive factoring have been developed based
on a probabilistic analysis of parallel loop iterates with variable running times. These methods have been successfully implemented
in a number of applications such as: N-Body and Monte Carlo simulations, computational fluid dynamics, and radar signal processing.
The focus of this paper is on adaptive weighted factoring (AWF), a method that was designed for scheduling parallel loops
in time-stepping scientific applications. The main contribution of the paper is to relax the time-stepping requirement, a
modification that allows the AWF to be used in any application with a parallel loop. The modification further allows the AWF
to adapt to load imbalance that may occur during loop execution. Results of experiments to compare the performance of the
modified AWF with the performance of the other loop scheduling methods in the context of three nontrivial applications reveal
that the performance of the modified method is comparable to, and in some cases, superior to the performance of the most recently
introduced adaptive factoring method.
相似文献
Ioana BanicescuEmail: |
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Wet deposition of polychlorinated biphenyls in urban and background areas of the Mid-Atlantic States
Van Ry DA Gigliotti CL Glenn TR Nelson ED Totten LA Eisenreich SJ 《Environmental science & technology》2002,36(15):3201-3209
Spatial and temporal trends of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations in precipitation were measured at urban and background sites as part of the New Jersey Atmospheric Deposition Network (NJADN). The volume weighted mean concentration (VWM) of sigmaPCBs (sum of PCBs) based on precipitation measurements at three background sites was in the range of 0.30-0.50 ng/L. Concentrations in precipitation at two urban-industrial sites were on average 7-43 times higher than background concentrations. Wet deposition fluxes of sigmaPCBs at the two urbanized sites were 16 +/- 3.4 and 3.9 +/- 0.72 microg/m2-yr, while the background flux was approximately 0.30 microg/m2-yr. On average, 97% of the total atmospheric washout (WT) of PCBs resulted from particle scavenging. The fraction of atmospheric PCBs on particles was the best predictor of atmospheric washout in both urban (log WT = 0.71 (+/- 0.049) log psi + 4.9 (+/- 0.11); r2 = 0.81) and nonurban areas (log W(T) = 0.77 (+/- 0.083) log psi + 5.6 (+/- 0.16); r2 = 0.64). Wet deposition fluxes of sigmaPCBs are of the same order of magnitude as dry-particle deposition fluxes in all land-use regimes. 相似文献
5.
Henley SJ Connell CJ Richter P Husten C Pechacek T Calle EE Thun MJ 《Tobacco control》2007,16(1):22-28
Background
Although several epidemiological studies have examined the mortality among users of spit tobacco, none have compared mortality of former cigarette smokers who substitute spit tobacco for cigarette smoking (“switchers”) and smokers who quit using tobacco entirely.Methods
A cohort of 116 395 men were identified as switchers (n = 4443) or cigarette smokers who quit using tobacco entirely (n = 111 952) when enrolled in the ongoing US American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study II. From 1982 to 31 December 2002, 44 374 of these men died. The mortality hazard ratios (HR) of tobacco‐related diseases, including lung cancer, coronary heart disease, stroke and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression modelling adjusted for age and other demographic variables, as well as variables associated with smoking history, including number of years smoked, number of cigarettes smoked and age at quitting.Results
After 20 years of follow‐up, switchers had a higher rate of death from any cause (HR 1.08, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01 to 1.15), lung cancer (HR 1.46, 95% CI 1.24 to 1.73), coronary heart disease (HR 1.13, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.29) and stroke (HR 1.24, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.53) than those who quit using tobacco entirely.Conclusion
The risks of dying from major tobacco‐related diseases were higher among former cigarette smokers who switched to spit tobacco after they stopped smoking than among those who quit using tobacco entirely.Several epidemiological studies have examined morbidity and mortality among users of spit tobacco (spit‐tobacco users),1,2 but none have compared the mortality of former cigarette smokers who substitute spit tobacco for cigarette smoking (“switchers”) to those of smokers who quit using tobacco entirely. Comprehensive reviews by the US Surgeon General,3 and the International Agency for Research on Cancer4 and others5 have concluded that evidence is sufficient that the use of spit tobacco causes several types of cancer in humans. Although the evidence linking use of spit tobacco to increased risk of cardiovascular diseases is limited,6 these products cause acute increases in heart rate and blood pressure, as well as long‐term adverse effects on blood pressure and lipid profiles.7We compared mortality of switchers to those of former cigarette smokers who quit using tobacco entirely among men enrolled in a large prospective cohort. 相似文献6.
Pedro Álvarez-Cervantes Juan Carlos Cancino-Díaz Héctor Enrique Fabela-Illescas Raquel Cariño-Cortés Edgar Oliver López-Villegas José Alberto Ariza‑Ortega Helen Belefant-Miller Gabriel Betanzos-Cabrera 《International Journal of Food Science & Technology》2021,56(10):5089-5096
Most of the work on pomegranate antioxidant and antibacterial activity has been carried out with solvent extracts of different plant or fruit parts. Biosensitive compounds in juice may be subject to oxidation, reducing their biological activities. Microencapsulation can be used to protect compounds, allowing its incorporation into functional foods. This study aimed at investigating antioxidant activity after in vitro digestion of microencapsulated juice. Pomegranate juice was encapsulated by spray drying its maltodextrin and gum arabic. The average diameter of the microcapsules was 10–50 µm. We evaluated the bioaccessibility of microencapsulated phenolic compounds by using an in vitro enzymatic digestion. The total phenolic content in digested microencapsulated juice was three times greater than in undigested, indicating that the compounds were made bioaccessible. Digestion also increased antioxidant activity, as measured by ABTS●+ or by DPPH●. Additionally, microencapsulated pomegranate juice showed antibacterial activity against the nine bacteria species tested. 相似文献
7.
Bogus resumes were evaluated by 212 business professionals to discover what mediates sex discrimination in hiring decisions. We hypothesized that discrimination against women and men who applied for stereotypically "masculine" and "feminine" jobs, respectively, could be reduced by providing individuating information suggesting that the applicant was an exception to his or her gender stereotype and possessed traits usually associated with the opposite gender. We also hypothesized that individuating information consistent with stereotypes about an applicant's gender would decrease the probability that an applicant would be evaluated favorably for a job usually considered appropriate for the other gender. We found that individuating information eliminated sex-typed personality inferences about male and female applicants and affected applicants' perceived job suitability; however, sex discrimination was not eliminated. We suggest that sex discrimination is mediated by occupation stereotypes that specify both the personality traits and the gender appropriate for each occupation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
8.
Radomir V. Malbaša Spasenija D. MilanovićEva S. Lončar Mirjana S. DjurićMarijana Đ. Carić Mirela D. IličićLjiljana Kolarov 《Food chemistry》2009
This paper investigates the manufacture of milk-based beverages by application of several Kombucha starters. Local Kombucha culture was grown up on three substrates: sweetened black and green tea, and topinambur. Their concentrates were obtained by vacuum-evaporation and amounts of 10% and 15% (v/v) were applied to milk (2.2% fat). The traditional yoghurt starter (B3) was applied for producing control samples. All fermentations were stopped when the pH reached 4.4. Fermentation curves were registered, linear for yoghurt and sigmoidal for Kombucha. Two times faster process was achieved with yoghurt starter. Influence of inoculum concentration on the rate of fermentation was insignificant. Viscosities were higher for Kombucha beverages at lower speeds of spindle, but lower at higher speeds of spindle. Very high sensory scores were achieved for all beverages, after production and after 5-days’ storage. 相似文献
9.
Yonte T Monzón JJ Sánchez-Soto LL Cariñena JF López-Lacasta C 《Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision》2002,19(3):603-609
We reelaborate on the basic properties of lossless multilayers. We show that the transfer matrices for these multilayers have essentially the same algebraic properties as the Lorentz group SO(2, 1) in a (2 + 1)-dimensional space-time as well as the group SL(2, R) underlying the structure of the ABCD law in geometrical optics. By resorting to the Iwasawa decomposition, we represent the action of any multilayer as the product of three matrices of simple interpretation. This group-theoretical structure allows us to introduce bilinear transformations in the complex plane. The concept of multilayer transfer function naturally emerges, and its corresponding properties in the unit disk are studied. We show that the Iwasawa decomposition is reflected at this geometrical level in three simple actions that can be considered the basic pieces for a deeper understanding of the multilayer behavior. We use the method to analyze in detail a simple practical example. 相似文献
10.
Oriented Nanofibrous Polymer Scaffolds Containing Protein‐Loaded Porous Silicon Generated by Spray Nebulization
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Jonathan M. Zuidema Tushar Kumeria Dokyoung Kim Jinyoung Kang Joanna Wang Geoffrey Hollett Xuan Zhang David S. Roberts Nicole Chan Cari Dowling Elena Blanco‐Suarez Nicola J. Allen Mark H. Tuszynski Michael J. Sailor 《Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)》2018,30(12)
Oriented composite nanofibers consisting of porous silicon nanoparticles (pSiNPs) embedded in a polycaprolactone or poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) matrix are prepared by spray nebulization from chloroform solutions using an airbrush. The nanofibers can be oriented by an appropriate positioning of the airbrush nozzle, and they can direct growth of neurites from rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. When loaded with the model protein lysozyme, the pSiNPs allow the generation of nanofiber scaffolds that carry and deliver the protein under physiologic conditions (phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS), at 37 °C) for up to 60 d, retaining 75% of the enzymatic activity over this time period. The mass loading of protein in the pSiNPs is 36%, and in the resulting polymer/pSiNP scaffolds it is 3.6%. The use of pSiNPs that display intrinsic photoluminescence (from the quantum‐confined Si nanostructure) allows the polymer/pSiNP composites to be definitively identified and tracked by time‐gated photoluminescence imaging. The remarkable ability of the pSiNPs to protect the protein payload from denaturation, both during processing and for the duration of the long‐term aqueous release study, establishes a model for the generation of biodegradable nanofiber scaffolds that can load and deliver sensitive biologics. 相似文献