On nonaqueous electrochemical behavior of titanium and Ti compounds

In this study, we examined the electrochemical behavior of titanium and Ti⁴⁺ compounds in THF solutions. Tetra butyl ammonium chloride (TBACl) was used as supporting electrolyte in order to increase the ionic conductivity of the solutions. Electrodeposition of pure titanium could not be obtained. A variety of analytical techniques have been used in conjunction with electrochemical methods in order to analyze the reduction process of Ti⁴⁺. These included Raman and UV-vis spectroscopy, ICP and CHNS elemental analyses. Ti⁴⁺ is being reduced to Ti³⁺ in TiCl₄/THF/TBACl solutions.In addition we show that metallic titanium can be electrochemically dissolved from an organo-metallic electrolyte solution comprising EtAlCl₂ and LiCl in THF. The product is Ti⁴⁺. While LiCl is insoluble in THF it reacts with EtAlCl₂ to form ionic species. Hence, these solutions possessed reasonable ionic conductivity.We could not obtain electroactive Ti⁴⁺ with TiBr₄ or TiI₄ as starting materials, in similar solutions.     

Meaning of career change from the perspective of family roles and dramas.

In this study we investigated the meaning of career change from the perspective of dramas from the family of origin that were restaged in work. In a case-study approach that used quantitative data from Q-sorts and qualitative data from interviews, narrative portrayals of meaning were developed for each of 10 subjects. Each portrait was reviewed and validated by the subject for whom it was created and by an independent reviewer. It was found that family dramas are reenacted in work and that the meaning of a career change can be understood as a significant development of these dramas. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Urbanizing India’s frontier: Sriganganagar and canal-town planning on the Indus plains

ABSTRACT

Irrigation projects implemented by British colonial engineers transformed environment, economy, and society in the Indus basin during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In addition to constructing canals, headworks, and distributaries, colonial officers designed new cities to facilitate administration and global commerce in South Asia’s frontier areas. By the 1920s, canal development had formally reached India’s princely states and decades of town and regional planning experimentation yielded reproducible planning codes and development strategies that balanced competing impulses. Sriganganagar (Ganganagar), a city of some 250,000 on Rajasthan’s northwestern border with Pakistan, illustrates these development schemes, the nexus of town and regional planning in colonial India, and its enduring influence on South Asia’s linked urban and regional systems. Like the goddess river with which it shares its name, Ganganagar took many differing forms through its planning and development: as a place of celebration, of production, of modern technological achievement, of ecological and social transformation, of expanding state power, and of ethnic division, imperialism, and repression.     

Ga-67 imaging: Kawasaki disease

The authors describe a child with Kawasaki disease (mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome), in whom myocardial inflammation associated with the disease was readily detected with Ga-67 imaging.