Polymatrix games and optimization problems

Consideration was given to the properties of the polymatrix game, a finite noncooperative game of N players (N ? 3). A theorem of reduction of the search for Nash equilibria to an optimization problem was proved. This clears the way to the numerical search of equilibria. Additionally, a simple proof of the Nash theorem of existence of equilibrium in the polymatrix game was given using the theorem of existence of solution in the optimization problem.     

Sodium Effects on the Diffusion,Phase, and Defect Characteristics of Kesterite Solar Cells and Flexible Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 with Greater than 11% Efficiency

Improving the efficiency of kesterite (Cu₂ZnSn(S,Se)₄; CZTSSe) solar cells requires understanding the effects of Na doping. This paper investigates these effects by applying a NaF layer at various positions within precursors. The NaF position is important because Na produces Na-related defects in the absorber and suppresses the formation of intrinsic defects. By investigating precursors with various NaF positions, the sulfo-selenization mechanism and the characteristics of defect formation are confirmed. Applying a NaF layer onto a Zn layer in a CZTSSe precursor limits Zn diffusion and suppresses Cu-Zn alloy formation, thus changing the sulfo-selenization mechanism. In addition, the surface NaF layer provides reactive Se and S to the absorber layer by generating Na₂Se_x and Na₂S_x liquid phases during sulfo-selenization, thus limiting the incorporation of Na into the absorber and reducing the Na effects. Efficiency values of 11.16% and 11.19% are obtained for a flexible CZTSSe solar cell by applying NaF between the Zn layer and back contact and between the Cu and Sn layers, respectively. This study presents methods for doping with alkali metals and improving the efficiency of photovoltaics.     

地质聚合物的制备与应用研究现状

地质聚合物是由硅铝酸盐原料经激发剂激发得到的一种无机非金属材料,具有原料来源广泛、制备工艺简单、碳排放量低、高强耐久等优点,应用前景非常广阔。介绍了地质聚合物及其性能特点,对制备过程中的原料活化、激发剂、外加剂和养护制度等工艺的研究现状进行了总结,列举了地质聚合物在胶凝材料、隔热吸音、催化剂和固封材料等领域的应用实例,并评述了其在制备及应用方面需要进一步探索的问题。