Audience-tuning effects on memory: The role of shared reality.

After tuning to an audience, communicators' own memories for the topic often reflect the biased view expressed in their messages. Three studies examined explanations for this bias. Memories for a target person were biased when feedback signaled the audience's successful identification of the target but not after failed identification (Experiment 1). Whereas communicators tuning to an in-group audience exhibited the bias, communicators tuning to an out-group audience did not (Experiment 2). These differences did not depend on communicators' mood but were mediated by communicators' trust in their audience's judgment about other people (Experiments 2 and 3). Message and memory were more closely associated for high than for low trusters. Apparently, audience-tuning effects depend on the communicators' experience of a shared reality. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Beitrag zum Lebensdauerverhalten und zur zerstörungsfreien Bewertung geschweißter und fehlerbehafteter ultrafester Stähle

Relationship between fatigue behaviour and non-destructive assessment of weld defects of TIG-welded ultra-high strength steels With respect to the influence of welding defects on the fatigue properties of welded high strength special steels and on the dynamic load carrying capacity of joints in welded constructions, a minimum of information is available. For this reason, the preparation of an assessment standard for classifying weld defects was considered practical, whereby the character of the defects was to be determined using non-destructive testing methods. The investigations were concerned with a special method of producing specimens containing defined and reproducable defects, with the characterization of the defects using X-ray and ultrasonic techniques, and with the determination of the influence of the weld defects on the fatigue strength of TIG-welded joints. As a result of the investigations, a relationship between allowable and critical defect size with respect to an assessment standard has been sought. By introducing weighting factors for various types and sizes of defects occurring in welds the efficiency of non-destructive testing methods for the assessment of weld defects is considerably increased.     

How communication goals determine when audience tuning biases memory.

After tuning their message to suit their audience's attitude, communicators' own memories for the original information (e.g., a target person's behaviors) often reflect the biased view expressed in their message--producing an audience-congruent memory bias. Exploring the motivational circumstances of message production, the authors investigated whether this bias depends on the goals driving audience tuning. In 4 experiments, the memory bias was found to a greater extent when audience tuning served the creation of a shared reality than when it served alternative, nonshared reality goals (being polite toward a stigmatized-group audience; obtaining incentives; being entertaining; complying with a blatant demand). In addition, the authors found that these effects were mediated by the epistemic trust in the audience-congruent view but not by the rehearsal or accurate retrieval of the original input information, the ability to discriminate between the original and the message information, or a contrast away from extremely tuned messages. The central role of epistemic trust, a measure of the communicators' experience of shared reality, was supported in meta-analyses across the experiments. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Untersuchungen über den Einfluß von Prüfparametern und subjektiven Beurteilungsmaßstäben beim Nachweis von Rissen mittels Röntgendurchstrahlung

Investigation of the effect of testing variables and criteria for the detection of cracks using X-ray techniques . As part of the testing procedure for the evaluation of an actual problem in practice, the fundamental requirements of fracture mechanics and the application potential of radiographic testing were considered. During testing, the requirements of the standard DIN 54 111 were observed, and the effect of these requirements on the ability to detect fine cracks evaluated. The investigations revealed that with a correct interpretation of the specifications in the code, the detection of existing failures can be adequately achieved using X-ray testing methods.     

Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung von Tiefspaltschweißnähten mittels Durchstrahlung und Ultraschall

Non destructive testing of Narrow-Gap welded joints using radiographic and ultrasonic methods . The intensified demand for economical sources of electrical energy has led to nuclear power plants with increasingly larger pressure vessels, particularly for BWR and PWR installations. The wall thicknesses of these vessels now exceeds 200 mm. The fabrication of these heavy structural components to close construction tolerances has required the development of economic welding processes, which in general are fully mechanised. One such process which has been successfully applied to the joining of heavy sections is Narrow-Gap welding. Investigations on Narrow-Gap welded joints using conventional nondestructive testing methods, such as radiographic and ultrasonic methods, have revealed that weld defects in these weld seams can be readily determined since for this process, the possible zones of weld failures are clearly defined over a very small region. The assessment of the test results according to accepted standards for pressure vessel construction has revealed, that providing the welding conditions are carefully controlled, acceptable weld quality is ensured.