Frying Performance of No-<Emphasis Type="Italic">trans</Emphasis>, Low-Linolenic Acid Soybean Oils

Two extruded-expelled physically refined soybean oils with reduced contents of linolenic acid, ultra-low- linolenic acid (ULL, 1.5%) and low-linolenic acid (LL, 2.6%), and a extruded-expelled physically refined control oil (control, 5.3% linolenic acid) were evaluated by frying French fries in a commercial-like setting for 6 h day⁻¹ during 23 days. The oils became darker, increased in yellow color at the beginning, and became redder and less green throughout the process. Free fatty acids levels were not different among the oils until day 14, after which, ULL was different from the control for the remainder of frying. The conjugated dienoic acid values were greatest in the control. Generally, ULL and LL oils had lower percentages of polar compounds than did the control, providing a frying life 2 days longer than the control and ~30% increase in frying time. A trained sensory panel evaluated the French fries on days 2, 5, and 6. Buttery and potato flavors decreased, and rancid and painty flavors increased over frying time for all products. Rancid flavor was highest in the fries from the control oil. Overall, the ULL and LL oils performed better than did the control oil and ULL tended to perform better than the LL.     

The levels of memory (CD45RA-, RO+) CD4+ and CD8+ peripheral blood T-lymphocytes correlate with IgM rheumatoid factors in rheumatoid arthritis

We investigated whether, in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the CD45 isoform expression of peripheral blood T-lymphocytes (T-PBL) is related to auto-immune processes (e.g. IgM rheumatoid factors) and to clinical manifestations. By three-colour flow cytometry, we quantified three subsets of CD4+ or CD8+ T-PBL: "naive" CD45RA+,RO-, "transient" CD45RA+,RO+, and "memory" CD45RA-,RO+ cells, in 102 patients with RA and in 41 age- and sex-matched controls. The serum levels of rheumatoid factors (RF) were determined--besides conventional agglutination tests--by ELISA (IgM-RF). Extensive clinical examination was performed at the time of blood sampling. In RA, age, sex and drug therapy did not constitute major influences on the CD45RA/RO patterns. In "healthy" men, higher age significantly' correlated with fewer naive and more memory CD4+ T-PBL (P < 0.01). In RA, distinct correlations between the T-PBL subsets, autoimmune and clinical manifestations became obvious when patients with low and high levels of RF against human IgG Fc fragments, as determined by ELISA, were analysed separately. RA patients with high IgM-RF had elevated proportions of CD45RO+ T-PBL (P < 0.05), that correlated with clinical parameters of disease activity (tender joint count, Ritchie index, P < 0.05) and outcome (Health Assessment Questionnaire, Larsen radiographic scores, P < 0.05). The proportions of memory CD4+ and CD8+ T-PBL correlated strongly (P < 0.001) with the IgM-RF levels. Within 1 year, only three of 34 patients (disease duration of 5-9 years) showed seroconversion from low to high levels of IgM-RF (and positive agglutination tests); this was paralleled by reductions in naive and increases in transient T-PBL (P < 0.02). Thus, in RA, the proportions of memory CD4+ and CD8+ T-PBL correlate with the level of IgM-RF and, together with transient T-PBL, with clinical parameters of disease activity and outcome.     

Simulation process of flexible multibody systems with non-modal model order reduction techniques

One important issue for the simulation of flexible multibody systems is the reduction of the flexible body’s degrees of freedom. In this work, nonmodal model reduction techniques for flexible multibody systems within the floating frame of reference framework are considered. While traditionally in the multibody community modal techniques in many different forms are used, here other methods from system dynamics and mathematics are in the focus. For the reduction process, finite element data and user inputs are necessary. Prior to the reduction process, the user first needs to choose boundary conditions fitting the chosen reference frame before defining the appropriate in- and outputs. In this work, four different possibilities of modeling appropriate interface points to reduce the number of inputs and outputs are presented.     

Electrical properties and Mössbauer spectra of rutile-type Fe1−x Mn x TiTaO6 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.3) ceramics

Several electrical quantities of rutile-type Fe_1?x Mn _x TiTaO₆ (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.3) ceramics were measured between room temperature and ～ 770 K. One aim of the investigation was to study differences to data known from rutile-type FeTiTaO₆ ceramics, showing giant relaxor ferroelectric-type constant ??(ω) (ω is angular frequency). FeTiTaO₆ (x = 0) samples showed, as expected, capacitance C _p (ω) peaks at 500–600 K using Ag-paint contacts, however upon application of Pt-paint, C _p (ω) increased steadily up to the maximum employed temperature of ～ 770 K. For x = 0.02 (Ag-paint), C _p (ω) peaks were detected pointing to relaxor ferroelectric behaviour. For x > 0.02 (Ag-paint), no C _p (ω) peaks were observed; C _p (ω) increased for all frequencies steadily with temperature up to maximum values at the highest applied temperature. Complex plane impedance plots were characterized for each composition by two semicircular arcs due to bulk and grain boundary charge processes. A marked separation of arcs was observed for FeTiTaO₆ (x = 0) and 0.02; for x ≥ 0.05 this fact became much reduced. The derived DC conductivity σ _DC for bulk conduction showed Arrhenius behaviour for all compositions with activation energy E _A ～ 0.4–0.7 eV and σ _DC (300 K) ～ 10^?9 ? 10^?6Ω^?1cm^?1 depending on x. For x ～ 0.05, the frequency dependence of AC conductivity σ _AC (ω) was weak at and above room temperature, in contrast for x < or > 0.05 a distinct dispersion was measured showing in part UDR-type power law dependence. ⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectra consisted of one experimental doublet due to Fe³⁺; each spectrum could be adequately fitted using one doublet with Lorentzian line shape; there was enhanced line width for x = 0.05, pointing to atomic or nanoscale inhomogeneity.     

Neutral and polar lipid phase transition of soybeans with various saturated fatty acid contents

Soybeans with modified saturated fatty acid compositions sometimes have lower seed germination rate or other undesirable agronomic traits. To determine if seed germination could be related to the melting transitions of their lipids, triacylglycerols (TAG) and phospholipids (PL) from soybeans with a wide range of saturated fatty acid compositions were examined by differential scanning calorimetry. The melting transition temperatures of both TAG and PL increased with increasing palmitate and stearate percentages. The mean melting points of the various lipids calculated on the basis of the melting points of their fatty acids correlated with the observed transition temperatures. Increased lipid saturation and elevated phase transition temperatures may have contributed to the reduced germination and seedling growth rates of these modified seeds.     

A VLSI Architecture for Software Structure: The Intel 8086

By supporting modular programs and high-level languages, this microprocessor architecture aids the implementation of complex software.     

The CAM-Brain Machine (CBM): An FPGA Based Tool for Evolving a 75 Million Neuron Artificial Brain to Control a Lifesized Kitten Robot

This article introduces the CAM-Brain Machine (CBM), an FPGA based piece of hardware which implements a genetic algorithm (GA) to evolve a cellular automata (CA) based neural network circuit module, of approximately 1,000 neurons, in about a second, i.e., a complete run of a GA, with 10,000s of circuit growths and performance evaluations. Up to 65,000 of these modules, each of which is evolved with a humanly specified function, can be downloaded into a large RAM space, and interconnected according to humanly specified artificial brain architectures. This RAM, containing an artificial brain with up to 75 million neurons, is then updated by the CBM at a rate of 130 billion CA cells per second. Such speeds should enable real time control of robots and hopefully the birth of a new research field that we call brain building. The first such artificial brain, to be built in 2000 and beyond, will be used to control the behaviors of a life sized robotkitten called Robokitty.