Solar UV radiation measurements at potsdam (52°22′N, 13°5′E)

The UV instruments described in part I of this paper have been applied for measurements of solar global UV radiation in three different wavelength regions (310–320 nm, 315–391 nm, and 296–388 nm). UV radiation values obtained since 1985 are analyzed. Different types of regression equations were compared as to how much information on UV radiation is contained in total global radiation measurements (400–2800 nm). Applying those regression equations allows us to estimate UV radiation from measurements of total global radiation, which are readily available.     

Gigahertz self-pulsation in 1.5 μm wavelength multisection DFBlasers

Self-pulsation in InGaAsP/InP multisection distributed feedback (DFB) lasers was generated reproducibly by adjusting appropriate injection conditions. Frequencies of up to some gigahertz were achieved. It was demonstrated that-in contrast to Fabry-Perot (FP) elements-no selective treatment of one section is required for creating the self-pulsation. It is concluded that the self-pulsation in DFB elements is of a different type than in FP elements     

Parathyroid hormone regulates the expression of the nuclear mitotic apparatus protein in the osteoblast-like cells, ROS 17/2.8

This study assessed the prevalence of tobacco and alcohol use in top-grossing American films from 1985 to 1995. The top ten money-making films for 1985 to 1995 were viewed to identify the prevalence of alcohol and tobacco use overall and by lead characters. While the use of tobacco and alcohol was stable across the study period, use of these substances was common. Most films (98%) had references that supported tobacco use and 96% had references that supported alcohol use. Discouraging the use of these substances was uncommon. Only one third of films had any references that discouraged the use of tobacco or alcohol (38% and 37%, respectively). At least one lead character used tobacco or alcohol in 46% and 79% of the films, respectively. The hazards of smoking and drinking are not reflected in the behaviors of film characters who are potential role models for youth facing the decision to smoke or drink.     

A method for correction of cosine errors in measurements of spectral UV irradiance

One of the sources contributing to the overall uncertainty of spectral UV radiation measurements is the cosine error of the spectroradiometer. It leads to measurement errors that depend on atmospheric conditions and on solar zenith angle, and thus time of the day and season. Though the foreoptics of modern instruments are designed such as to minimize cosine errors, there remain deviations from the ideal cosine response. We have worked out a method to further reduce that remaining cosine error in global spectral irradiance. This method was applied to spectra of global UV radiation taken with a Brewer spectroradiometer. The only additional input data needed to apply the method of cosine correction to spectral irradiance data are concurrent broad-band UV-B radiation measurements of diffuse and global radiation recorded with filter UV instruments, which are used to estimate the optical thickness referred to global UV radiation for the time when the spectral scan is taken. The method takes account of the variable conditions of cloudiness and turbidity. In the case of measurements taken with Brewer instrument No. 30, the cosine corrected global UV-B radiation was higher than the measured irradiance by 9–20%, and even its daily totals turned out to be higher than the uncorrected radiation by 13–18%. An estimate of the uncertainty of ±4 to ±8% was derived from a theoretical approach as well as from model calculations using a radiative transfer model.     

JCAH standards for accreditation of community mental health service programs: Implications for the practice of psychology.

The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals (JCAH) has recently developed standards for the accreditation of community mental health centers (CMHCs). A review of these standards and the Balanced Service System reveals little that could be considered restrictive of the practice of psychology in CMHC settings. Unlike JCAH accreditation of hospitals and psychiatric facilities, the CMHC standards do not endorse the view that patient care be the ultimate responsibility of the physician. Although the standards were developed with no formal involvement from organizations representing psychologists, they do reflect contemporary psychological thought in the area of effective delivery of mental health services. Given the heavy consumer orientation and accountability focus emphasized in the standards, the present article maintains that JCAH accreditation could be an appropriate criterion for CMHC eligibility for national health insurance reimbursement. (25 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Instruments for broad-band UV radiation measurements

UV instruments using interference filters or glass filters for the selection of three wavelength regions (310–320 nm, 315–391 nm, and 296–388 nm) and photocells have been developed and manufactured at the Meteorological Observatory Potsdam. The design and principle of the instruments are described. Method and problems of calibration are discussed. First results of continuous UV radiation measurements will be discussed in a separate paper.