Large‐area spatial atomic layer deposition of amorphous oxide semiconductors at atmospheric pressure

Indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) is deposited using plasma‐enhanced spatial atomic layer deposition (sALD) on substrates as large as 32 × 35 cm². Excellent uniformity and thickness control leads to high‐performing and stable coplanar top‐gate self‐aligned (SA) thin‐film transistors (TFTs). The integration of a sALD‐deposited aluminum oxide buffer layer into the TFT stack further improves uniformity and stability. The results demonstrate the viability of atmospheric sALD as a novel deposition technique for the flat‐panel display industry.     

Improving the peer review process: a proposed market system

Scientometrics - The current peer review system suffers from two key problems: promotion of an in-crowd whose methods, opinions and innovations it protects; and failure to represent the opinions...     

厌氧-好氧法处理漂白和染色废水

荷兰帕克公司应用厌氧-好氧连续工艺，成功处理了荷兰Ten Cate纺织厂的漂白和染色废水。该水处理工艺应用了容积为70m^3的厌氧反应器和容积为450m^3的好氧曝气池，废水色度去除率达80％-95％，且大部分色度是在预酸化池和厌氧反应器中去除的。经厌氧-好氧处理后的废水，对生物发光细菌Vibro fisheri无毒性。若使一部分废水不经过厌氧直接进入好氧进行处理，结果表明，好氧出水毒性增加，且色度去除率大大降低。这说明，厌氧处理对于废水的脱色和毒性去除起着重要的作用。     

Decolorizing and detoxifying textile wastewater, containing both soluble and insoluble dyes, in a full scale combined anaerobic/aerobic system

The wastewater originating from the bleaching and dyeing processes in the textile factory Ten Cate Protect in Nijverdal (the Netherlands) was successfully treated in a sequential anaerobic/aerobic system. In the system, a combination of an anaerobic 70-m3 fluidized bed reactor and a 450-m3 aerobic basin with integrated tilted plate settlers, 80-95% of the color was removed. The color was largely removed in the preacidification basin and the anaerobic reactor. Color, deriving from both reactive as well as disperse, was anaerobically removed, indicating that these type of dyes were reduced to colorless products. Interestingly, the vat dyes, the anthraquinones and indigoids, which were thought to be removed mainly aerobically, were largely anaerobically decolorized. Apparently the anaerobic system is capable of effectively removing the color of both soluble as insoluble dyes. The treated effluent of the sequential anaerobic/aerobic treatment showed no toxicity towards the bioluminescent bacterium Vibrio fisheri (EC20 (95%) > 45%). Partially bypassing the anaerobic stage resulted in increased toxicity (EC20 (95%) of 9% and 14%) in the effluent of the aerobic treatment and caused significant decrease of color removal. The results of this study show a main contribution of anaerobic treatment in decolorizing and detoxifying the textile wastewater in the sequential anaerobic/aerobic system.     

Components of effective remediation for developmental reading disabilities: Combining phonological and strategy-based instruction to improve outcomes.

The efficacy of a combination of phonological and strategy-based remedial approaches for reading disability (RD) was compared with that of each approach separately. Eighty-five children with severe RD were randomly assigned to 70 intervention hours in 1 of 5 sequences: PHAB/DI (Phonological Analysis and Blending/Direct Instruction)?→?WIST (Word Identification Strategy Training), WIST?→?PHAB/DI, PHAB/DI?×?2, WIST?×?2, or CSS?→?MATH (Classroom Survival Skills - Math, a control treatment). Performance was assessed before, 3 times during, and after intervention. Four orthogonal contrasts based on a linear trend analysis model were evaluated. There were generalized treatment effects on standardized measures of word identification, passage comprehension, and nonword reading. A combination of PHAB/DI and WIST proved superior to either program alone on nonword reading, letter-sound and keyword knowledge, and 3 word identification measures. Generalization of nonword decoding to real word identification was achieved with a combination of effective remedial components. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Class III P-glycoproteins mediate the formation of lipoprotein X in the mouse

Cholestasis is associated with hypercholesterolemia and appearance of the abnormal lipoprotein X (LpX) in plasma. Using mice with a disrupted Mdr2 gene, we tested the hypothesis that LpX originates as a biliary lipid vesicle. Mdr2-deficient mice lack Mdr2 P-glycoprotein, the canalicular translocator for phosphatidylcholine, and secrete virtually no phospholipid and cholesterol in bile. Bile duct ligation of Mdr2(+)/+ mice induced a dramatic increase in the plasma cholesterol and phospholipid concentration. Agarose electrophoresis, density gradient ultracentrifugation, gel permeation, and electron microscopy revealed that the majority of phospholipid and cholesterol was present as LpX, a 40-100 nm vesicle with an aqueous lumen. In contrast, the plasma cholesterol and phospholipid concentration in Mdr2(-)/- mice decreased upon bile duct ligation, and plasma fractionation revealed a complete absence of LpX. In mice with various expression levels of Mdr2 or MDR3, the human homolog of Mdr2, we observed that the plasma level of cholesterol and phospholipid during cholestasis correlated very closely with the expression level of these canalicular P-glycoproteins. These data demonstrate that during cholestasis there is a quantitative shift of lipid secretion from bile to the plasma compartment in the form of LpX. The concentration of this lipoprotein is determined by the activity of the canalicular phospholipid translocator.     

High rate (~7 nm/s), atmospheric pressure deposition of ZnO front electrode for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin‐film solar cells with efficiency beyond 15%

Undoped zinc oxide (ZnO) films have been grown on a moving glass substrate by plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition at atmospheric pressure. High deposition rates of ~7 nm/s are achieved at low temperature (200 °C) for a substrate speed from 20 to 60 mm/min. ZnO films are highly transparent in the visible range (90%). By a short (~minute) post‐deposition exposure to near‐ultraviolet light, a very low resistivity value of 1.6·10⁻³ Ω cm for undoped ZnO is achieved, which is independent on the film thickness in the range from 180 to 1200 nm. The photo‐enhanced conductivity is stable in time at room temperature when ZnO is coated by an Al₂O₃ barrier film, deposited by the industrially scalable spatial atomic layer deposition technique. ZnO and Al₂O₃ films have been used as front electrode and barrier, respectively, in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar cells. An average efficiency of 15.4 ± 0.2% (15 cells) is obtained that is similar to the efficiency of CIGS reference cells in which sputtered ZnO:Al is used as electrode. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.