Impact of the nature and geometry of ions on the solvent structure in aqueous solutions of electrolytes

The impact of the nature and geometry of ions on the solvent structure has been investigated on the basis of experimental data of viscosity and molar volumes of aqueous solutions of chlorides, nitrates, and sulfates of Ni (II), Co (II), Mn (II), Cu (II), and with due regard for dynamic and thermodynamic parameters of hydration.     

Time to cool a cryogenic object by a gaseous cryogenic agent

Dependences to compute the cooling time of a single-channel object are obtained theoretically and confirmed experimentally.Notation D mass of helium in the channel - M mass of metal of the channel wall - G mass flow rate of the cryogenic agent - G_equ equivalent mass flow rate - c_p, c_m mean integrated specific heat of the cryogenic agent and the channel wall material - U perimeter - cooling time - ₁ time of the first cooling period - T₂ time of the second cooling period - channel wall temperature - T flow temperature - T_o initial flow temperature - T_in flow temperature at the channel input - W flow velocity - L channel length - L_in, L_out lengths of the delivery and removal pipelines - F, F_in, F_out cross-sectional areas of the channel being cooled, and of the delivery and removal pipelines - F_s total heat-transfer surface - d channel inner diameter - d_in, d_out inner delivery and removal pipeline diameters - P flow pressure - P flow pressure at the input to the element - P_out flow pressure at the output from the element - G_o, G₁ initial and final flow rates of the cryogenic agent - z a coordinate - ¯z=z/L a dimensionless coordinate - dimensionless channel length - dimensionless cooling time - V₁ dimensionless temperature - k_G,a, k _u , f, m, , g parameters - A, B constants - Re Reynolds number - R gas constant - coefficient of dynamic viscosity - hydraulic drag coefficient - coefficient of heat elimination Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 39, No. 4, pp. 629–635, October, 1980.     

Features of water defluorination by galvano- and electrocoagulation

The paper has investigated regularities of water defluorination by methods of galvano- and electrocoagulation. It has been shown that electrocoagulation ensures more effective defluorination of water than galvanocoagulation. It has been proposed to use the methods in question for removal of fluorides from concentrates being formed in defluorination of water by reverse osmosis.     

The system of the efficient monitoring of air quality in maritime cities and health resort areas: Pollution of the nearwater layer of the atmosphere with sea aerosols

The system of the efficient monitoring of air quality for maritime cities and health resorts has been set up. A basis for the prototype of such a system is establishment of functional links between the concentration of toxic substances in the air and the disperse composition of sea aerosol and the surface of microlayer for every maritime region under hydrometeorological conditions. This provides an opportunity to monitor the chemical composition of sea aerosol by its disperse characteristics and dispersion of the surface film.     

Origin of life: From chaos to orderliness

Investigated are physical and chemical conditions resulting in the formation of the ever complex organic substances from inorganic components. We investigated a number of chemical reactions running in underwater hot volcanic sources whose result is that from inorganic compounds form various organic molecules. Catalysts of the reactions may be solid particles containing transit metals that are present in hydrothermal waters. Products of reactions of reducing carbon dioxide under these conditions are formic, acetic, pyruvic acids and also methanol. This explains the formation also of more complex organic substances playing an important role in the origin of life in the medium of hydrothermal sources.     

Hydrosphere genesis in the isotope record

A critical review of hypotheses of the hydrosphere genesis has been performed. It was shown that the natural background of neutrons was insufficient for explaining the hydrosphere enrichment with deuterium. This enabled us to confirm an assumption about the atmophilic genesis of hydrosphere. Enrichment of the protoplanetary cloud matter with deuterium and, probably, lithium, beryllium and boron contributed to the formation of terrestrial planets in the Solar System.     

Main regularities of reverse-osmotic water purification of phosphates

Investigated are working characteristics of reverse-osmotic membranes of low pressure ESPA-1 and TFC-75 in purifying aqueous solutions of phosphates in the range of their concentrations 10–490 mg/dm³. It is shown that at minor difference of selectivity of studied membranes with respect to phosphate–ions the specific capacity of the membrane ESPA-1noticeably exceeds such of the membrane TFC-75.     

Purification of waters containing fluorine by low pressure reverse osmosis for their complex treatment

The paper has investigated main regularities of the purification process of brackish waters containing fluorine by low-pressure reverse osmosis. It has demonstrated high efficiency of the method with the use of a membrane of a TFC-75 brand. It has been established that chlorides have a negative influence on purification of the specified waters. We have proposed a technological flow chart for their complex processing using reverse osmosis.